Monosaccharider

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Monosaccharider (fra andet græsk μόνος 'enkelt', lat. saccharum 'sukker' og suffikset -id ), er organiske forbindelser , en af hovedgrupperne af kulhydrater ; den enkleste form for sukker .

Monosaccharider er normalt farveløse, vandopløselige , gennemsigtige faste stoffer. Nogle monosaccharider har en sød smag .

Monosaccharider er byggestenene, hvorfra disaccharider (såsom saccharose , maltose , lactose ), oligosaccharider og polysaccharider (såsom cellulose og stivelse ) syntetiseres.

Monosaccharider indeholder hydroxylgrupper og en aldehyd ( aldoser ) eller ketogruppe ( ketoser ). Hvert carbonatom , som en hydroxylgruppe er knyttet til (undtagen den første og den sidste) er chirale , hvilket giver anledning til mange isomere former . For eksempel er galactose og glucose aldohexoser, men har forskellige kemiske og fysiske egenskaber. Monosaccharider er derivater af polyvalente alkoholer indeholdende en carbonylgruppe - aldehyd eller keton [1] .

Isomerisme

For monosaccharider, der indeholder n asymmetriske carbonatomer , er 2n stereoisomerer mulige (se isomerisme ). Det samlede antal asymmetriske carbonatomer i monosaccharider er lig med antallet af >C(H)OH-grupper placeret inde i carbonkæden. Tilstedeværelsen af et asymmetrisk carbonatom i molekylet forårsager dannelsen af to optiske stereoisomerer, der tilhører D- eller L-serien.
Alle monosaccharider kan betragtes som derivater af D- eller L - glyceraldehyd , som opnås ved successiv forlængelse af deres kæde fra siden af aldehydgruppen (dvs. i position C 2 -carbonatom) til > C (H) OH- gruppe.
Hver gang kan hydroxylgruppen ved C2 - atomet indtage en hvilken som helst af to positioner (til højre eller venstre for atomet), mens positionen af de resterende >C(H)OH-grupper forbliver uændret. Tilhørsforholdet af ethvert monosaccharid til D- og L-serierne bestemmes af positionen af hydroxylgruppen ved det chirale carbonatom, der er fjernest fra carbonylgruppen. For eksempel, for hexoser, er dette konfigurationen ved C5 - atomet.
Da der er et chiralt center mindre i ketoser end i aldoser med det samme antal kulstofatomer, er antallet af stereoisomerer det halve

Klassifikation og nomenklatur

Monosaccharider (monoser) opdeles i to serier ved tilstedeværelsen af en ald- eller ketogruppe: polyhydroxyaldehyder (aldoser) og polyhydroxyketoner (ketoser). I henhold til antallet af kulstofatomer i kæden opdeles monosaccharider i: lavere ( dioser , trioser , tetroser ), medium ( pentoser , hexoser ) og højere ( heptoser , oktoser og nonoser ). Der er ikke fundet naturlige monosaccharider med en kulstofkæde indeholdende mere end ni kulstofatomer. Navnene på ketoser dannes ved at indføre endelsen -ul - i navnet på den tilsvarende aldose: ribose → ribulose; nogle ketoser har trivielle navne: fructose (arabino-hexulose).

En række D-aldoser

Aldodiose	glykolaldehyd
Aldotriose	D-glycerose ( glyceral ) (D-glycero-triose)
Aldotetroser	D - erythrose (D-erythro-tetrose)				D - threose (D-threo-tetrose)
Aldopentoser	D - ribose (D-ribo-pentose)		D - arabinose (D-arabino-pentose)		D - xylose (D-xylo-pentose)		D - lyxose (D-lyxo-pentose)
Aldohexoser	D - allose (D-allo-hexose)	D - altrose (D-altro-hexose)	D - glucose (D-gluco-hexose)	D - mannose (D-manno-hexose)	D - gulose (D-gulo-hexose)	D - idose (D-ido-hexose)	D - galactose (D-galacto-hexose)	D - talose (D-talo-hexose)
Aldogeptoser	D-glycero- D-allo-heptose	D-glycero- D-altro-heptose	D-glycero- D-gluco-heptose	D-glycero- D-mannoheptose	D-glycero- D-gulo-heptose	D-glycero- D-ido- heptose	D-glycero -D-galacto-heptose	D-glycero -D-thalo-heptose
Aldogeptoser	D-glycero -L-allo-heptose	D-glycero -L-altro-heptose	D-glycero -L-gluco-heptose	D-glycero -L-mannoheptose	D-glycero -L-gulo-heptose	D-glycero- L-ido- heptose	D-glycero -L-galacto-heptose	D-glycero -L-thalo-heptose
aldooktoser	D-erythro- D-allo-oktose	D-erytro- D-altro-oktose	D-erythro- D-gluco-octose	D -erythro-D-manno-oktose	D-erythro- D-gulo- octose	D-erythro- D-ido- oktose	D-erythro -D-galacto-octose	D-erythro- D-thalo- octose
	D-erythro -L-allo-oktose	D- erythro-L-altro-oktose	D-erythro -L-gluco-octose	D-erythro- L-manno-oktose	D- erythro-L-gulo- octose	D-erythro- L-ido- oktose	D-erythro -L-galacto-octose	D- erythro-L-thalo- octose
	D-threo- d-allo-oktose	D-threo- D-altro-oktose	D-threo- D-gluco-octose	D-threo- D-manno-oktose	D-threo- D-gulo- octose	D- treo- D-ido- oktose	D-threo- D-galacto-octose	D- treo- D- thaloktose
	D-threo- L-allo-oktose	D-threo- L-altro-oktose	D-threo- L-gluco-octose	D-threo- L-manno-oktose	D-threo- L-gulo- octose	D-threo- L-ido- oktose	D- threo- L-galacto-octose	D- treo- L- thaloktose

Række D-ketose

Ketotriose	dihydroxyacetone
Ketotetroza	D - erythrolose (D-glycero-tetrulose)
Ketopentoser	D - ribulose (D-erythro-pentulose)				D - xylulose (D-threo-pentulose)
Ketohexoser	D - psicose (D-ribo-hexulose)		D - fructose (D-arabino-hexulose)		D - sorbose (D-xylo-hexulose)		D - tagatose (D-lyxo-hexulose)
Ketoheptoser	D-allo-heptulose	D-altro-heptulose	D-gluco-heptulose	D-mannoheptulose	D-gulo-heptulose	D-ido-heptulose	D-galacto-heptulose	D-thalo-heptulose
Ketooktoser	D-glycero- D-allo-oktulose	D-glycero- D-altro-oktulose	D-glycero- D-gluco-octulose	D-glycero- D-manno-oktulose	D-glycero- D-gulo-oktulose	D-glycero- D-ido-oktulose	D-glycero -D-galacto-octulose	D-glycero -D-thalo-octulose
Ketooktoser	D-glycero -L-allo-octulose	D-glycero -L-altro-oktulose	D-glycero -L-gluco-octulose	D-glycero- L-manno-oktulose	D-glycero -L-gulo-oktulose	D-glycero- L-ido-oktulose	D-glycero -L-galacto-octulose	D-glycero -L-thalo-octulose

Kemiske navne

Tallet og bogstavet i parentes angiver OH-gruppens position i forhold til det givne carbonatom. For eksempel viser indgangen 2R (3R, 4R, 5R osv.), at hydroxygruppen på det andet (tredje, fjerde, femte osv.) carbonatom er i Fischer-projektionen på højre side. Når OH-gruppen er på venstre side, placeres bogstavet S (f.eks. 2S, 3S, 4S, 5S osv.). Navnene er givet i overensstemmelse med IUPAC-nomenklaturen.

Aldoses

Aldodioses C2H4O2 rediger _ _ _ glycolose hydroxyethanal
Aldotrioses, C 3 H 6 O 3 D-serie
D-glycerose (2R)-2,3-dihydroxypropanal
L-serie
L-glycerose (2S)-2,3-dihydroxypropanal
Aldotetroser C4H8O4 rediger _ _ _ D-serie
D-erythrose (2R,3R)-2,3,4-trihydroxybutanal
D-threose (2S,3R)-2,3,4-trihydroxybutanal
L-serie
L-erythrose (2S,3S)-2,3 ,4-trihydroxybutanal
L-threose (2R,3S)-2,3,4-trihydroxybutanal
Aldopentoser C5H10O5 rediger _ _ _ D-serie
D-ribose (2R,3R,4R)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypentanal
D-arabinose (2S,3R,4R)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypentanal
D-xylose (2R,3S ,4R)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypentanal
D-lyxose (2S,3S,4R)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypentanal
L-serie
L-ribose (2S,3S,4S)-2,3 ,4,5-tetrahydroxypentanal
L-arabinose (2R,3S,4S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypentanal
L-xylose (2S,3R,4S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypentanal
L-lyxose ( 2R,3R,4S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypentanal
Deoxypentoser C5H10O4 rediger _ _ _ D-serie
D - thyminose , 2-deoxy-D-ribose (3R,4R)-3,4,5-trihydroxypentanal
L-serie
L-thyminose, 2-deoxy-L-ribose (3S,4S)-3,4 ,5-trihydroxypentanal
Forgrenede pentoser, C 5 H 10 O 5 D-serie
D - apiose , 3-(hydroxymethyl)-D-erythrose (2R,3R)-2,3,4-trihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)butanal
L-serie
L-apiose, 3-(hydroxymethyl)-L -erythrose (2S,3S)-2,3,4-trihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)butanal
Aldohexoser C6H12O6 rediger _ _ _ D-serie
D-allose (2R,3R,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanal
D-altrose (2S,3R,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6- pentahydroxyhexanal
D-glucose (2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanal
D-mannose (2S,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanal
D -gulose (2R,3R,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanal
D-idose (2S,3R,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanal
D-galactose (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanal
D-talose (2S,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanal
L-serie
L- allose (2S,3S,4S,5S)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanal
L-altrose (2R,3S,4S,5S)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanal
L-glucose ( 2S,3R,4S,5S)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanal
L-mannose (2R,3R,4S,5S)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanal
L-gulose (2S, 3S,4R,5S)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanal
L-idose (2R,3S,4R,5S)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanal
L-galactose (2S,3R, 4R,5S)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanal
L-talose (2R,3R,4R,5S)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanal
Deoxyhexoser C6H12O5 rediger _ _ _ D-serie
D-allomethylose, 6-deoxy-D-allose (2R,3R,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexanal
D-gulomethylose, 6-deoxy-D-gulose (2R,3R,4S ,5R)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexanal
D-talomethylose, 6-deoxy-D-talose (2S,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexanal
D-quinose, 6-deoxy -D-glucose (2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexanal
D - rhamnose , 6-deoxy-D-mannose (2S,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4, 5-tetrahydroxyhexanal
D - fucose , 6-deoxy-D-galactose (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexanal
L-serie
L-allomethylose, 6-deoxy-L-allose (2S, 3S,4S,5S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexanal
L-gulomethylose, 6-deoxy-L-gulose (2S,3S,4R,5S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexanal
L-thalomethylose, 6-deoxy-L-talose (2R,3R,4R,5S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexanal
L-quinose, 6-deoxy-L-glucose (2S,3R,4S,5S)-2,3 ,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexanal
L-rhamnose, 6-deoxy-L-mannose (2R,3R,4S,5S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexanal
L-fucose, 6-deoxy-L-galactose (2S, 3R,4R,5S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexanal
Dideoxyhexoser C6H12O4 rediger _ _ _ D-serie
D-digitoxose, 2,6-dideoxy-D-ribo-hexose (3R,4R,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxyhexanal
D-boivinose, 2,6-dideoxy-D-xylohexose (3R,4S ,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxyhexanal
abequose, 3,6-dideoxy-D-xylohexose (2R,4S,5R)-2,4,5-trihydroxyhexanal
tevelose, 3,6-dideoxy-D-arabino-hexose (2S,4R,5R)-2,4,5-trihydroxyhexanal
paratose, 3,6-dideoxy-D-ribo-hexose (2R,4R,5R)-2,4,5-trihydroxyhexanal
L-serie
colitosis, 3, 6-dideoxy-L-xylo-hexose (2S,4R,5S)-2,4,5-trihydroxyhexanal
ascarylose, 3,6-dideoxy-L-arabino-hexose (2R,4S, 5S)-2,4,5 -trihydroxyhexanal
Forgrenede hexoser, C 6 H 12 O 6 D-serie
D-hamamelose, 3-(hydroxymethyl)-D-arabinose (2S,3R,4R)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)pentanal
L-serie
L-hamamelose, 3-( hydroxymethyl)-L-arabinose (2R,3S,4S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)pentanal
Aldoheptoser C7H14O7 rediger _ _ _ D-serie
D-glycero-D-allo-heptose (2R,3R,4R,5R,6R)-2,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydroxyheptanal
D-glycero-D-altro-heptose (2S,3R ,4R,5R,6R)-2,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydroxyheptanal
D-glycero-D-glucoheptose (2R,3S,4R,5R,6R)-2,3,4,5,6, 7-hexahydroxyheptanal
D-glycero-D-mannoheptose (2S,3S,4R,5R,6R)-2,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydroxyheptanal
D-glycero-D-guloheptose (2R,3R,4S ,5R,6R)-2,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydroxyheptanal
D-glycero-D-idoheptose (2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2,3,4,5,6,7- hexahydroxyheptanal
D-glycero-D-galacto-heptose (2R,3S,4S,5R,6R)-2,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydroxyheptanal
D-glycero-D-taloheptose (2S,3S,4S,5R ,6R)-2,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydroxyheptanal
D-glycero-L-alloheptose (2S,3S,4S,5S,6R)-2,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydroxyheptanal
D -glycero-L-altroheptose (2R,3S,4S,5S,6R)-2,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydroxyheptanal
D-glycero-L-gluco-heptose (2S,3R,4S,5S,6R )-2,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydroxyheptanal
D-glycero-L-mannoheptose (2R,3R,4S,5S,6R) -2,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydroxyheptanal
D-glycero - L-gulo-heptose (2S,3S,4R,5S,6R)-2,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydroxyheptanal
D-glycero-L-ido-heptose (2R,3S,4R,5S,6R) -2,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydroxyheptanal
D-glycero-L-galacto-heptose (2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-2,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydroxyheptanal
D- glycero-L-taloheptose (2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-2,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydroxyheptanal
L-serie
L-glycero-L-alloheptose (2S,3S,4S,5S ,6S)-2,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydroxyheptanal
L-glycero-L-altroheptose (2R,3S,4S,5S,6S)-2,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydroxyheptanal
L -glycero-L-gluco-heptose (2S,3R,4S,5S,6S)-2,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydroxyheptanal
L-glycero-L-mannoheptose (2R,3R,4S,5S ,6S)-2,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydroxyheptanal
L-glycero-L-guloheptose (2S,3S,4R,5S,6S)-2,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydroxyheptanal
L -glycero-L-ido-heptose (2R,3S,4R,5S,6S)-2,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydroxyheptanal
L-glycero-L-galacto-heptose (2S,3R,4R,5S ,6S)-2,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydroxyheptanal
L-glycero-L-thaloheptose (2R,3R,4R,5S,6S)-2,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydroxyheptanal
L -glycero-D-allo-hep toza (2R,3R,4R,5R,6S)-2,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydroxyheptanal
L-glycero-D-altroheptose (2S,3R,4R, 5R,6S)-2,3,4 ,5,6,7-hexahydroxyheptanal
L-glycero-D-glucoheptose (2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-2,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydroxyheptanal
L-glycero-D-mannoheptose ( 2S,3S,4R,5R,6S)-2,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydroxyheptanal
L-glycero-D-guloheptose (2R,3R,4S,5R, 6S)-2,3,4 ,5,6,7-hexahydroxyheptanal
L-glycero-D-idoheptose (2S,3R,4S,5R,6S)-2,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydroxyheptanal
L-glycero-D-galacto-heptose ( 2R,3S,4S,5R,6S)-2,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydroxyheptanal
L-glycero-D-thaloheptose (2S,3S,4S,5R,6S) -2,3,4,5 ,6,7-hexahydroxyheptanal
Aldooctoser C8H16O8 rediger _ _ _ D-serie
D-erythro-D-allo-octose (2R,3R,4R,5R,6R,7R)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctanal
D-erythro-D-altro-octose (2S,3R,4R,5R,6R,7R)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctanal
D-erythro-D-gluco-octose (2R,3S,4R,5R,6R,7R )-2,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctanal
D-erythro-D-manno-octose (2S,3S,4R,5R,6R,7R)-2,3,4,5,6, 7,8-heptahydroxyoctanal
D-erythro-D-gulo-octose (2R,3R,4S,5R,6R,7R)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctanal
D-erythro-D-ido -octose (2S,3R,4S,5R,6R,7R)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctanal
D-erythro-D-galacto-octose (2R,3S,4S,5R,6R ,7R)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctanal
D-erythro-D-thalo-octose (2S,3S,4S,5R,6R,7R)-2,3,4,5, 6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctanal
D-erythro-L-allo-octose (2S,3S,4S,5S,6R,7R)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctanal
D-erythro-L -altro-octose (2R,3S,4S,5S,6R,7R)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctanal
D-erythro-L-gluco-octose (2S,3R,4S,5S ,6R,7R)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctanal
D-erythro-L-manno-octose (2R,3R,4S,5S,6R,7R )-2,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctanal
D-erythro-L-gulo-octose (2S,3S,4R,5S,6R,7R)-2,3,4,5,6, 7,8-heptahydroxyoctanal
D-erythro-L-ido-octose (2R,3S,4R,5S,6R,7R)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctanal
D-erythro-L-galacto -octose (2S,3R,4R,5S,6R,7R)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctanal
D-erythro-L-thalo-octose (2R,3R,4R,5S,6R ,7R)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctanal
D-threo-D-allo-octose (2R,3R,4R,5R,6S,7R)-2,3,4,5, 6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctanal
D-threo-D-altro-octose (2S,3R,4R,5R,6S,7R)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctanal
D-threo-D -gluco-octose (2R,3S,4R,5R,6S,7R)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctanal
D-threo-D-manno-octose (2S,3S,4R,5R ,6S,7R)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctanal
D-threo-D-gulo-octose (2R,3R,4S,5R,6S,7R)-2,3,4, 5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctanal
D-threo-D-ido-octose (2S,3R,4S,5R,6S,7R)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctanal
D-threo -D-galacto-octose (2R,3S,4S,5R,6S,7R)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctanal
D-threo-D-talo-o ktoza (2S,3S,4S,5R,6S,7R)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctanal
D-threo-L-allo-octose (2S,3S,4S,5S,6S, 7R)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctanal
D-threo-L-altro-octose (2R,3S,4S,5S,6S,7R)-2,3,4,5,6 ,7,8-heptahydroxyoctanal
D-threo-L-gluco-octose (2S,3R,4S,5S,6S,7R)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctanal
D-threo-L- manno-octose (2R,3R,4S,5S,6S,7R)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctanal
D-threo-L-gulo-octose (2S,3S,4R,5S, 6S,7R)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctanal
D-threo-L-ido-octose (2R,3S,4R,5S,6S,7R)-2,3,4,5 ,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctanal
D-threo-L-galacto-octose (2S,3R,4R,5S,6S,7R)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctanal
D-threo- L-thalo-octose (2R,3R,4R,5S,6S,7R)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctanal
L-serie
L-erythro-L-allo-octose (2S,3S ,4S,5S,6S,7S)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctanal
L-erythro-L-altro-octose (2R,3S,4S,5S,6S,7S)-2, 3,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctanal
L-erythro-L-gluco-octose (2S,3R,4S,5S,6S,7S)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8 -heptahydroxyoctanal
L-erythro-L-manno-octose (2R,3R,4S,5S,6S,7S)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctanal
L-erythro-L-gulo-octose ( 2S,3S,4R,5S,6S,7S)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctanal
L-erythro-L-ido-octose (2R,3S,4R,5S,6S,7S) -2,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctanal
L-erythro-L-galacto-octose (2S,3R,4R,5S,6S,7S)-2,3,4,5,6,7 ,8-heptahydroxyoctanal
L-erythro-L-thalo-octose (2R,3R,4R,5S,6S,7S)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctanal
L-erythro-D-allo- octose (2R,3R,4R,5R,6S,7S)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctanal
L-erythro-D-altro-octose (2S,3R,4R,5R,6S, 7S)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctanal
L-erythro-D-gluco-octose (2R,3S,4R,5R,6S,7S)-2,3,4,5,6 ,7,8-heptahydroxyoctanal
L-erythro-D-manno-octose (2S,3S,4R,5R,6S,7S)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctanal
L-erythro-D- gulo-octose (2R,3R,4S,5R,6S,7S)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctanal
L-erythro-D-ido-octose (2S,3R,4S,5R, 6S,7S)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctanal
L-erythro-D-galacto-octose ( 2R,3S,4S,5R,6S,7S)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctanal
L-erythro-D-talo-octose (2S,3S,4S,5R,6S,7S) -2,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctanal
L-threo-L-allo-octose (2S,3S,4S,5S,6R,7S)-2,3,4,5,6,7 ,8-heptahydroxyoctanal
L-threo-L-altro-octose (2R,3S,4S,5S,6R,7S)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctanal
L-threo-L-gluco- octose (2S,3R,4S,5S,6R,7S)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctanal
L-threo-L-manno-octose (2R,3R,4S,5S,6R, 7S)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctanal
L-threo-L-gulo-octose (2S,3S,4R,5S,6R,7S)-2,3,4,5,6 ,7,8-heptahydroxyoctanal
L-threo-L-ido-octose (2R,3S,4R,5S,6R,7S)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctanal
L-threo-L- galacto-octose (2S,3R,4R,5S,6R,7S)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctanal
L-threo-L-thalo-octose (2R,3R,4R,5S, 6R,7S)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctanal
L-threo-D-allo-octose (2R,3R,4R,5R,6R,7S)-2,3,4,5 ,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctanal
L-threo-D-altro-octose (2S,3R,4R,5R,6R,7S)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctanal b
L-threo-D-gluco-octose (2R,3S,4R,5R,6R,7S)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctanal
L-threo-D-manno-octose (2S ,3S,4R,5R,6R,7S)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctanal
L-threo-D-gulo-octose (2R,3R,4S,5R,6R,7S)- 2,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctanal
L-threo-D-ido-octose (2S,3R,4S,5R,6R,7S)-2,3,4,5,6,7, 8-heptahydroxyoctanal
L-threo-D-galacto-octose (2R,3S,4S,5R,6R,7S)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctanal
L-threo-D-thalo-octose (2S,3S,4S,5R,6R,7S)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctanal
Aldononoser C9H18O9 rediger _ _ _ D-serie
D-ribo-D-allo-nonose (2R,3R,4R,5R,6R,7R,8R)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
D-ribo-D -altro-nonose (2S,3R,4R,5R,6R,7R,8R)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
D-ribo-D-glucononose (2R,3S,4R ,5R,6R,7R,8R)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
D-ribo-D-manno-nonose (2S,3S,4R,5R,6R,7R,8R )-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
D-ribo-D-gulo-nonose (2R,3R,4S,5R,6R,7R,8R)-2,3,4, 5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
D-ribo-D-idononose (2S,3R,4S,5R,6R,7R,8R)-2,3,4,5,6,7, 8,9- octahydroxynonanal
D-ribo-D-galacto-nonose (2R,3S,4S,5R,6R,7R,8R)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
D-ribo-D-thalo -nonose (2S,3S,4S,5R,6R,7R,8R)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
D-ribo-L-allo-nonose (2S,3S,4S ,5S,6R,7R,8R)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
D-ribo-L-altro-nonose (2R,3S,4S,5S,6R,7R,8R )-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
D-ribo-L-glucononose (2S,3R,4S,5S,6R,7R,8R)-2,3,4,5, 6,7,8,9-octahydro xinonanal
D-ribo-L-manno-nonose (2R,3R,4S,5S,6R,7R,8R)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
D-ribo-L-gulo -nonose (2S,3S,4R,5S,6R,7R,8R)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
D-ribo-L-ido-nonose (2R,3S,4R ,5S,6R,7R,8R)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
D-ribo-L-galacto-nonose (2S,3R,4R,5S,6R,7R,8R )-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
D-ribo-L-thalo-nonose (2R,3R,4R,5S,6R,7R,8R)-2,3,4, 5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
D-arabino-D-allo-nonose (2R,3R,4R,5R,6S,7R,8R)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8, 9-octahydroxynonanal
D-arabino-D-altro-nonose (2S,3R,4R,5R,6S,7R,8R)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
D-arabino-D -gluco-nonose (2R,3S,4R,5R,6S,7R,8R)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
D-arabino-D-manno-nonose (2S,3S ,4R,5R,6S,7R,8R)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
D-arabino-D-gulo-nonose (2R,3R,4S,5R,6S,7R ,8R)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
D-arabino-D-idononose (2S,3R,4S,5R,6S,7R,8R)-2,3,4, 5,6,7,8,9-octahydr oxynonanal
D-arabino-D-galacto-nonose (2R,3S,4S,5R,6S,7R,8R)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
D-arabino-D-talo -nonose (2S,3S,4S,5R,6S,7R,8R)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
D-arabino-L-allo-nonose (2S,3S,4S ,5S,6S,7R,8R)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
D-arabino-L-altro-nonose (2R,3S,4S,5S,6S,7R,8R )-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
D-arabino-L-glucononose (2S,3R,4S,5S,6S,7R,8R)-2,3,4,5, 6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
D-arabino-L-manno-nonose (2R,3R,4S,5S,6S,7R,8R)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9- octahydroxynonanal
D-arabino-L-gulo-nonose (2S,3S,4R,5S,6S,7R,8R)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
D-arabino-L-ido -nonose (2R,3S,4R,5S,6S,7R,8R)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
D-arabino-L-galacto-nonose (2S,3R,4R ,5S,6S,7R,8R)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
D-arabino-L-thalo-nonose (2R,3R,4R,5S,6S,7R,8R )-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
D-xylo-D-allo-nonose (2R,3R,4R,5R,6R,7S,8R)-2,3,4, 5,6,7,8,9-octahid roxinonanal
D-xylo-D-altro-nonose (2S,3R,4R,5R,6R,7S,8R)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
D-xylo-D-gluco -nonose (2R,3S,4R,5R,6R,7S,8R)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
D-xylo-D-manno-nonose (2S,3S,4R ,5R,6R,7S,8R)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
D-xylo-D-gulo-nonose (2R,3R,4S,5R,6R,7S,8R )-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
D-xylo-D-idononose (2S,3R,4S,5R,6R,7S,8R)-2,3,4,5, 6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
D-xylo-D-galacto-nonose (2R,3S,4S,5R,6R,7S,8R)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9- octahydroxynonanal
D-xylo-D-thalo-nonose (2S,3S,4S,5R,6R,7S,8R)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
D-xylo-L-allo -nonose (2S,3S,4S,5S,6R,7S,8R)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
D-xylo-L-altro-nonose (2R,3S,4S ,5S,6R,7S,8R)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
D-xylo-L-glucononose (2S,3R,4S,5S,6R,7S,8R)- 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
D-xylo-L-manno-nonose (2R,3R,4S,5S,6R,7S,8R)-2,3,4,5, 6,7,8,9-oktag droxinonanal
D-xylo-L-gulo-nonose (2S,3S,4R,5S,6R,7S,8R)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
D-xylo-L-ido -nonose (2R,3S,4R,5S,6R,7S,8R)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
D-xylo-L-galacto-nonose (2S,3R,4R ,5S,6R,7S,8R)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
D-xylo-L-talo-nonose (2R,3R,4R,5S,6R,7S,8R )-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
D-lixo-D-allo-nonose (2R,3R,4R,5R,6S,7S,8R)-2,3,4, 5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
D-lixo-D-altro-nonose (2S,3R,4R,5R,6S,7S,8R)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8, 9-octahydroxynonanal
D-lixo-D-glucononose (2R,3S,4R,5R,6S,7S,8R)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
D-lixo-D-manno -nonose (2S,3S,4R,5R,6S,7S,8R)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
D-lixo-D-gulo-nonose (2R,3R,4S ,5R,6S,7S,8R)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
D-lixo-D-idononose (2S,3R,4S,5R,6S,7S,8R)- 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
D-lixo-D-galacto-nonose (2R,3S,4S,5R,6S,7S,8R)-2,3,4,5, 6,7,8,9-oktag hydroxynonanal
D-lixo-D-talo-nonose (2S,3S,4S,5R,6S,7S,8R)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
D-lixo-L-allo -nonose (2S,3S,4S,5S,6S,7S,8R)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
D-lixo-L-altro-nonose (2R,3S,4S ,5S,6S,7S,8R)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
D-lixo-L-glucononose (2S,3R,4S,5S,6S,7S,8R)- 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
D-lixo-L-manno-nonose (2R,3R,4S,5S,6S,7S,8R)-2,3,4,5, 6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
D-lixo-L-gulo-nonose (2S,3S,4R,5S,6S,7S,8R)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9- octahydroxynonanal
D-lixo-L-ido-nonose (2R,3S,4R,5S,6S,7S,8R)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
D-lixo-L-galacto -nonose (2S,3R,4R,5S,6S,7S,8R)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
D-lixo-L-talo-nonose (2R,3R,4R ,5S,6S,7S,8R)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
L-serie
L-ribo-L-allo-nonose (2S,3S,4S,5S, 6S, 7S,8S)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
L-ribo-L-altro-nonose (2R,3S,4S,5S,6S,7S,8S)-2,3 ,4,5,6,7,8, 9-octahydroxynonanal
L-ribo-L-glucononose (2S,3R,4S,5S,6S,7S,8S)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
L-ribo-L-manno -nonose (2R,3R,4S,5S,6S,7S,8S)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
L-ribo-L-gulo-nonose (2S,3S,4R ,5S,6S,7S,8S)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
L-ribo-L-idononose (2R,3S,4R,5S,6S,7S,8S)- 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
L-ribo-L-galacto-nonose (2S,3R,4R,5S,6S,7S,8S)-2,3,4,5, 6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
L-ribo-L-thalo-nonose (2R,3R,4R,5S,6S,7S,8S)-2,3,4,5,6,7, 8,9- octahydroxynonanal
L-ribo-D-allo-nonose (2R,3R,4R,5R,6S,7S,8S)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
L-ribo-D-altro -nonose (2S,3R,4R,5R,6S,7S,8S)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
L-ribo-D-glucononose (2R,3S,4R,5R ,6S,7S,8S)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
L-ribo-D-manno-nonose (2S,3S,4R,5R,6S,7S,8S)- 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
L-ribo-D-gulo-nonose (2R,3R,4S,5R,6S,7S,8S)-2,3,4,5, 6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
L-ribo-D-ido-nonose (2S,3R,4S,5R,6S,7S,8S)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9- octahydroxynonanal
L-ribo-D-galacto-nonose (2R,3S,4S,5R,6S,7S,8S)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
L-ribo-D-talo -nonose (2S,3S,4S,5R,6S,7S,8S)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
L-arabino-L-allo-nonose (2S,3S,4S ,5S,6R,7S,8S)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
L-arabino-L-altro-nonose (2R,3S,4S,5S,6R,7S,8S )-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
L-arabino-L-glucononose (2S,3R,4S,5S,6R,7S,8S)-2,3,4,5, 6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
L-arabino-L-manno-nonose (2R,3R,4S,5S,6R,7S,8S)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9- octahydroxynonanal
L-arabino-L-gulo-nonose (2S,3S,4R,5S,6R,7S,8S)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
L-arabino-L-ido -nonose (2R,3S,4R,5S,6R,7S,8S)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
L-arabino-L-galacto-nonose (2S,3R,4R ,5S,6R,7S,8S)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
L-arabino-L-thalo-nonose (2R,3R,4R,5S,6R,7S,8S )-2,3,4,5 ,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
L-arabino-D-allo-nonose (2R,3R,4R,5R,6R,7S,8S)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 -octahydroxynonanal
L-arabino-D-altro-nonose (2S,3R,4R,5R,6R,7S,8S)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
L-arabino-D- gluco-nonose (2R,3S,4R,5R,6R,7S,8S)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
L-arabino-D-manno-nonose (2S,3S, 4R,5R,6R,7S,8S)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
L-arabino-D-gulo-nonose (2R,3R,4S,5R,6R,7S, 8S)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
L-arabino-D-idononose (2S,3R,4S,5R,6R,7S,8S)-2,3,4,5 ,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
L-arabino-D-galacto-nonose (2R,3S,4S,5R,6R,7S,8S)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 -octahydroxynonanal
L-arabino-D-thalo-nonose (2S,3S,4S,5R,6R,7S,8S)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
L-xylo-L- allo-nonose (2S,3S,4S,5S,6S,7R,8S)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
L-xylo-L-altro-nonose (2R, 3S, 4S,5S,6S,7R,8S)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
L-xylo-L-glucononose (2S,3R,4S,5S,6S, 7R,8S) -2,3,4, 5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
L-xylo-L-manno-nonose (2R,3R,4S,5S,6S,7R,8S)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8, 9-octahydroxynonanal
L-xylo-L-gulo-nonose (2S,3S,4R,5S,6S,7R,8S)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
L-xylo-L -ido-nonose (2R,3S,4R,5S,6S,7R,8S)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
L-xylo-L-galacto-nonose (2S,3R ,4R,5S,6S,7R,8S)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
L-xylo-L-thalo-nonose (2R,3R,4R,5S,6S,7R ,8S)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
L-xylo-D-allo-nonose (2R,3R,4R,5R,6S,7R,8S)-2,3, 4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
L-xylo-D-altro-nonose (2S,3R,4R,5R,6S,7R,8S)-2,3,4,5,6,7, 8,9-octahydroxynonanal
L-xylo-D-glucononose (2R,3S,4R,5R,6S,7R,8S)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
L-xylo-D -manno-nonose (2S,3S,4R,5R,6S,7R,8S)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
L-xylo-D-gulo-nonose (2R,3R ,4S,5R,6S,7R,8S)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
L-xylo-D-ido-nonose (2S,3R,4S,5R,6S,7R ,8S)-2,3,4 ,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
L-xylo-D-galacto-nonose (2R,3S,4S,5R,6S,7R,8S)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8 ,9-octahydroxynonanal
L-xylo-D-thalo-nonose (2S,3S,4S,5R,6S,7R,8S)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
L-lixo- L-allo-nonose (2S,3S,4S,5S,6R,7R,8S)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
L-lixo-L-altro-nonose (2R, 3S,4S,5S,6R,7R,8S)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
L-lixo-L-glucononose (2S,3R,4S,5S,6R, 7R, 8S)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
L-lixo-L-manno-nonose (2R,3R,4S,5S,6R,7R,8S) -2,3,4 ,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
L-lixo-L-gulo-nonose (2S,3S,4R,5S,6R,7R,8S)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8 ,9-octahydroxynonanal
L-lixo-L-ido-nonose (2R,3S,4R,5S,6R,7R,8S)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
L-lixo- L-galacto-nonose (2S,3R,4R,5S,6R,7R,8S)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
L-lixo-L-talo-nonose (2R, 3R,4R,5S,6R,7R,8S)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
L-lixo-D-allo-nonose (2R,3R,4R,5R, 6R, 7R,8S)-2,3, 4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
L-lixo-D-altro-nonose (2S,3R,4R,5R,6R,7R,8S)-2,3,4,5,6,7, 8,9-octahydroxynonanal
L-lixo-D-glucononose (2R,3S,4R,5R,6R,7R,8S)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
L-lixo-D -manno-nonose (2S,3S,4R,5R,6R,7R,8S)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
L-lixo-D-gulo-nonose (2R,3R ,4S,5R,6R,7R,8S)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
L-lixo-D-idononose (2S,3R,4S,5R,6R,7R,8S )-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
L-lixo-D-galacto-nonose (2R,3S,4S,5R,6R,7R,8S)-2,3,4, 5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonanal
L-lixo-D-thalo-nonose (2S,3S,4S,5R,6R,7R,8S)-2,3,4,5,6, 7,8, 9-octahydroxynonanal

Ketoser

Ketotrioser (triuloser), C 3 H 6 O 3 acetose 1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-on
Ketotetroser (tetruloser), C 4 H 8 O 4 D-serie
D-erythrulose, D-glycero-tetrulose (3R)-1,3,4-trihydroxybutan-2-on
L-serie
L-erythrulose, L-glycero-tetrulose (3S)-1,3,4-trihydroxybutan -2-han
Ketopentoser pentuloser ) C5H10O5 [ rediger D-serie
D-ribulose, D-erythropentulose (3R,4R)-1,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypentan-2-on
D-xylulose, D-threopentulose (3S,4R)-1,3, 4, 5-tetrahydroxypentan-2-on
L-serie
L-ribulose, L-erythro-pentulose (3S,4S)-1,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypentan-2-on
L-xylulose, L-threopentulose (3R, 4S)-1,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypentan-2-on
Pent-3-løser (3-pentuloser), C 5 H 10 O 5 Achiral (spejl) molekyle
af erythro-3-pentulose, erythro-pent-3-ulose meso -1,2,4,5 -tetrahydroxypentan-3-on
D-serie
D-threo-3-pentulose, D-threo-pentulose 3-ulose (2S,4S)-1,2,4,5-tetrahydroxypentan-3-on
L-serie
L-threo-3-pentulose, L-threo-pent-3-ulose (2R,4R)-1, 2,4,5-tetrahydroxypentan-3-on
Ketohexoser (hexuloser), C 6 H 12 O 6 D-serien
D-psicose, D-ribo-hexulose (3R,4R,5R)-1,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexan-2-on
D-fructose, D-arabino-hexulose (3S,4R,5R )-1,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexan-2-on
D-sorbose, D-xylo-hexulose (3R,4S,5R)-1,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexan-2-on
D -tagatose, D-lyxo-hexulose (3S,4S,5R)-1,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexan-2-on
L-serie
L-psicose, L-ribo-hexulose (3S,4S,5S) -1,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexan-2-on
L-fructose, L-arabino-hexulose (3R,4S,5S)-1,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexan-2-on
L- sorbose, L-xylo-hexulose (3S,4R,5S)-1,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexan-2-on
L-tagatose, L-lyxo-hexulose (3R,4R,5S)-1,3 ,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexan-2-on
Deoxyhexulose C6H12O5 rediger _ _ _ D-serie
D-fuculose, 6-deoxy-D-tagatose, 6-deoxy-D-lixo-hex-2-ulose (3S,4S,5R)-1,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexan-2-on
L -serie
L-fuculose, 6-deoxy-L-tagatose, 6-deoxy-L-lixo-hex-2-ulose (3R,4R,5S)-1,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexan-2-on
Ketoheptoser (heptuloser), C 7 H 14 O 7 D-serie
D-allo-heptulose (3R,4R,5R,6R)-1,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydroxyheptan-2-on
D-altro-heptulose (3S,4R,5R,6R)- 1,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydroxyheptan-2-on
D-glucoheptulose (3R,4S,5R,6R)-1,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydroxyheptan-2-on
D-manno -heptulose (3S,4S,5R,6R)-1,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydroxyheptan-2-on
D-guloheptulose (3R,4R,5S,6R)-1,3,4, 5,6,7-hexahydroxyheptan-2-on
D-ido-heptulose (3S,4R,5S,6R)-1,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydroxyheptan-2-on
D-galacto-heptulose (3R) ,4S,5S,6R)-1,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydroxyheptan-2-on
D-thaloheptulose (3S,4S,5S,6R)-1,3,4,5, 6,7- hexahydroxyheptan-2-on
L-serie
L-allo-heptulose (3S,4S,5S,6S)-1,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydroxyheptan-2-on
L-altro-heptulose (3R,4S, 5S,6S)-1,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydroxyheptan-2-on
L-glucoheptulose (3S,4R,5S,6S)-1,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydroxyheptan-2 -en
L-mannoheptulose (3R,4R,5S,6S)-1,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydroxyheptan-2-on
L-guloheptulose (3S,4S, 5R,6S)-1 ,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydroxyheptan-2-on
L-ido-heptulose (3R,4S,5R,6S)-1,3,4,5,6,7-hexa hydroxyheptan-2-on
L-galacto-heptulose (3S,4R,5R,6S)-1,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydroxyheptan-2-on
L-taloheptulose (3R,4R,5R,6S)- 1,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydroxyheptan-2-on
Hept-3-uloser (3-heptuloser), C 7 H 14 O 7 D-serie
D-coriosis, D-altro-hept-3-ulose, (2S,4R,5R,6R)-1,2,4,5,6,7-hexahydroxyheptan-3-on
L-serie
L-coriosis , L-altro-hept-3-ulose, (2R,4S,5S,6S)-1,2,4,5,6,7-hexahydroxyheptan-3-on
Ketooctose oktulose ) C8H16O8 [ rediger D-serie
D-glycero-D-allo-octulose (3R,4R,5R,6R,7R)-1,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctan-2-on
D-glycero-D-altro -octulose (3S,4R,5R,6R,7R)-1,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctan-2-on
D-glycero-D-gluco-octulose (3R,4S,5R,6R ,7R)-1,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctan-2-on
D-glycero-D-manno-octulose (3S,4S,5R,6R,7R)-1,3,4, 5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctan-2-on
D-glycero-D-gulo-octulose (3R,4R,5S,6R,7R)-1,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctan- 2-on
D-glycero-D-ido-octulose (3S,4R,5S,6R,7R)-1,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctan-2-on
D-glycero-D-galacto -octulose (3R,4S,5S,6R,7R)-1,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctan-2-on
D-glycero-D-thalo-octulose (3S,4S,5S,6R ,7R)-1,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctan-2-on
D-glycero-L-allo-octulose (3S,4S,5S,6S,7R)-1,3,4, 5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctan-2-on
D-glycero-L-altro-octulose (3R,4S,5S,6S,7R)-1,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctan- 2-on
D-glycero-L-gluco-octulose (3S,4R,5S,6S,7R)-1,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctan-2-on
D-glycero-L-manno -oktulose (3R,4R,5S,6S,7R)- 1,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctan-2-on
D-glycero-L-gulo-octulose (3S,4S,5R,6S,7R)-1,3,4,5,6, 7,8-heptahydroxyoctan-2-on
D-glycero-L-ido-octulose (3R,4S,5R,6S,7R)-1,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctan-2-on
D -glycero-L-galacto-octulose (3S,4R,5R,6S,7R)-1,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctan-2-on
D-glycero-L-talo-octulose (3R ,4R,5R,6S,7R)-1,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctan-2-on
L-serie
L-glycero-L-allo-octulose (3S,4S,5S,6S, 7S)-1,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctan-2-on
L-glycero-L-altro-octulose (3R,4S,5S,6S,7S)-1,3,4,5 ,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctan-2-on
L-glycero-L-gluco-octulose (3S,4R,5S,6S,7S)-1,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctane-2 -en
L-glycero-L-manno-octulose (3R,4R,5S,6S,7S)-1,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctan-2-on
L-glycero-L-gulo- octulose (3S,4S,5R,6S,7S)-1,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctan-2-on
L-glycero-L-ido-octulose (3R,4S,5R,6S, 7S)-1,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctan-2-on
L-glycero-L-galacto-octulose (3S,4R,5R,6S,7S)-1,3,4,5 ,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctan-2-on
L-glycero- L-talo-octulose (3R,4R,5R,6S,7S)-1,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctan-2-on
L-glycero-D-allo-octulose (3R,4R, 5R,6R,7S)-1,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctan-2-on
L-glycero-D-altro-octulose (3S,4R,5R,6R,7S)-1,3 ,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctan-2-on
L-glycero-D-gluco-octulose (3R,4S,5R,6R,7S)-1,3,4,5,6,7,8 -heptahydroxyoctan-2-on
L-glycero-D-manno-octulose (3S,4S,5R,6R,7S)-1,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctan-2-on
L-glycero- D-gulo-octulose (3R,4R,5S,6R,7S)-1,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctan-2-on
L-glycero-D-ido-octulose (3S,4R, 5S,6R,7S)-1,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctan-2-on
L-glycero-D-galacto-octulose (3R,4S,5S,6R,7S)-1,3 ,4,5,6,7,8-heptahydroxyoctan-2-on
L-glycero-D-talo-octulose (3S,4S,5S,6R,7S)-1,3,4,5,6,7,8 -heptahydroxyoctan-2-on
Ketonoser nonuloser ) C9H18O9 [ rediger D-serie
D-erythro-D-allo-nonulose (3R,4R,5R,6R,7R,8R)-1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonan-2-on
D-erythro -D-altro-nonulose (3S,4R,5R,6R,7R,8R)-1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonan-2-on
D-erythro-D-glucononulose (3R ,4S,5R,6R,7R,8R)-1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonan-2-on
D-erythro-D-manno-nonulose (3S,4S,5R,6R ,7R,8R)-1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonan-2-on
D-erythro-D-gulo-nonulose (3R,4R,5S,6R,7R,8R)- 1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonan-2-on
D-erythro-D-ido-nonulose (3S,4R,5S,6R,7R,8R)-1,3,4, 5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonan-2-on
D-erythro-D-galacto-nonulose (3R,4S,5S,6R,7R,8R)-1,3,4,5,6,7, 8,9-octahydroxynonan-2-on
D-erythro-D-thalo-nonulose (3S,4S,5S,6R,7R,8R)-1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonan- 2-on
D-erythro-L-allo-nonulose (3S,4S,5S,6S,7R,8R)-1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonan-2-on D-
erythro -L-altro-nonulose (3R,4S,5S,6S,7R,8R)-1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonan-2-on
D-erythro-L-gluco-nonulose (3S,4R,5S,6S,7R,8R)-1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynon n-2-on
D-erythro-L-manno-nonulose (3R,4R,5S,6S,7R,8R)-1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonan-2-on
D -erythro-L-gulo-nonulose (3S,4S,5R,6S,7R,8R)-1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonan-2-on
D-erythro-L-ido -nonulose (3R,4S,5R,6S,7R,8R)-1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonan-2-on
D-erythro-L-galacto-nonulose (3S,4R ,5R,6S,7R,8R)-1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonan-2-on
D-erythro-L-thalo-nonulose (3R,4R,5R,6S,7R ,8R)-1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonan-2-on
D-threo-D-allo-nonulose (3R,4R,5R,6R,7S,8R)-1, 3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonan-2-on
D-threo-D-altro-nonulose (3S,4R,5R,6R,7S,8R)-1,3,4,5, 6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonan-2-on
D-threo-D-glucononulose (3R,4S,5R,6R,7S,8R)-1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9- octahydroxynonan-2-on
D-threo-D-manno-nonulose (3S,4S,5R,6R,7S,8R)-1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonan-2-he
D -threo-D-gulo-nonulose (3R,4R,5S,6R,7S,8R)-1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonan-2-on
D-threo-D-ido -nonulose (3S,4R,5S,6R,7S,8R)-1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynon an-2-on
D-threo-D-galacto-nonulose (3R,4S,5S,6R,7S,8R)-1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonan-2-on
D -threo-D-thalo-nonulose (3S,4S,5S,6R,7S,8R)-1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonan-2-on
D-threo-L-allo -nonulose (3S,4S,5S,6S,7S,8R)-1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonan-2-on
D-threo-L-altro-nonulose (3R,4S ,5S,6S,7S,8R)-1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonan-2-on
D-threo-L-glucononulose (3S,4R,5S,6S,7S,8R )-1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonan-2-on
D-threo-L-manno-nonulose (3R,4R,5S,6S,7S,8R)-1,3, 4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonan-2-on
D-threo-L-gulo-nonulose (3S,4S,5R,6S,7S,8R)-1,3,4,5,6, 7,8,9-octahydroxynonan-2-on
D-threo-L-ido-nonulose (3R,4S,5R,6S,7S,8R)-1,3,4,5,6,7,8, 9- octahydroxynonan-2-on
D-threo-L-galacto-nonulose (3S,4R,5R,6S,7S,8R)-1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonan-2-he
D -threo-L-thalo-nonulose (3R,4R,5R,6S,7S,8R)-1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonan-2-on
L-serie
L-erythro- L-allo-nonulose (3S,4S,5S,6S,7S,8S)-1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydr oxynonan-2-on
L-erythro-L-altro-nonulose (3R,4S,5S,6S,7S,8S)-1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonan-2-on
L -erythro-L-gluco-nonulose (3S,4R,5S,6S,7S,8S)-1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonan-2-on
L-erythro-L-manno -nonulose (3R,4R,5S,6S,7S,8S)-1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonan-2-on
L-erythro-L-gulo-nonulose (3S,4S ,5R,6S,7S,8S)-1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonan-2-on
L-erythro-L-ido-nonulose (3R,4S,5R,6S,7S ,8S)-1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonan-2-on
L-erythro-L-galacto-nonulose (3S,4R,5R,6S,7S,8S)-1, 3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonan-2-on
L-erythro-L-thalo-nonulose (3R,4R,5R,6S,7S,8S)-1,3,4,5, 6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonan-2-on
L-erythro-D-allo-nonulose (3R,4R,5R,6R,7S,8S)-1,3,4,5,6,7,8, 9-octahydroxynonan-2-on
L-erythro-D-altro-nonulose (3S,4R,5R,6R,7S,8S)-1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonan-2- he
L-erythro-D-gluco-nonulose (3R,4S,5R,6R,7S,8S)-1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonan-2-on
L-erythro-D -manno-nonulose (3S,4S,5R,6R,7S,8S)-1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octagide roxinonan-2-on
L-erythro-D-gulo-nonulose (3R,4R,5S,6R,7S,8S)-1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonan-2-on
L -erythro-D-ido-nonulose (3S,4R,5S,6R,7S,8S)-1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonan-2-on
L-erythro-D-galacto -nonulose (3R,4S,5S,6R,7S,8S)-1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonan-2-on
L-erythro-D-talo-nonulose (3S,4S ,5S,6R,7S,8S)-1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonan-2-on
L-threo-L-allo-nonulose (3S,4S,5S,6S,7R ,8S)-1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonan-2-on
L-threo-L-altro-nonulose (3R,4S,5S,6S,7R,8S)-1, 3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonan-2-on
L-threo-L-glucononulose (3S,4R,5S,6S,7R,8S)-1,3,4,5,6, 7,8,9-octahydroxynonan-2-on
L-threo-L-manno-nonulose (3R,4R,5S,6S,7R,8S)-1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9- octahydroxynonan-2-on
L-threo-L-gulo-nonulose (3S,4S,5R,6S,7R,8S)-1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonan-2-he
L -threo-L-ido-nonulose (3R,4S,5R,6S,7R,8S)-1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonan-2-on
L-threo-L-galacto -nonulose (3S,4R,5R,6S,7R,8S)-1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-oktager Droxynonan-2-on
L-threo-L-talo-nonulose (3R,4R,5R,6S,7R,8S)-1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonan-2-on
L -threo-D-allo-nonulose (3R,4R,5R,6R,7R,8S)-1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonan-2-on
L-threo-D-altro -nonulose (3S,4R,5R,6R,7R,8S)-1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonan-2-on
L-threo-D-glucononulose (3R,4S,5R ,6R,7R,8S)-1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonan-2-on
L-threo-D-manno-nonulose (3S,4S,5R,6R,7R,8S )-1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonan-2-on
L-threo-D-gulo-nonulose (3R,4R,5S,6R,7R,8S)-1,3, 4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonan-2-on
L-threo-D-ido-nonulose (3S,4R,5S,6R,7R,8S)-1,3,4,5,6, 7,8,9-octahydroxynonan-2-on
L-threo-D-galacto-nonulose (3R,4S,5S,6R,7R,8S)-1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9- octahydroxynonan-2-on
L-threo-D-thalo-nonulose (3S,4S,5S,6R,7R,8S)-1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydroxynonan-2-he

Cykliske former for monosaccharider

Med udgangspunkt i tetroser er monosaccharider i stand til at danne cykliske former: hemiacetaler eller hemiketaler, som dannes som et resultat af intramolekylær acetalisering af en hydroxygruppe og en carbonylgruppe. Som et resultat af denne interaktion dannes enten en 5-leddet cyklus indeholdende en furanring (sådanne forbindelser kaldes furanoser ), eller en 6-leddet cyklus indeholdende en pyranring (de kaldes pyranoser ). Dannelsen af en cyklisk hemiacetal er ledsaget af fremkomsten af et andet chiralt center C1 - carbonatom, derfor fremkommer et andet par optiske stereoisomerer, der adskiller sig i placeringen af hydroxylgruppen ved C1-carbonatomet. De er betegnet med bogstaverne α- og β. I Haworth-projektionen for monosaccharider af D-serien svarer β-stereoisomeren til placeringen af hydroxygruppen over ringplanet, og α-stereoisomeren - under ringplanet. (for L-serien - omvendt).

Kemiske egenskaber

Monosaccharider indgår i kemiske reaktioner, der er karakteristiske for carbonyl- og hydroxylgrupper . Et karakteristisk træk ved monosaccharider er evnen til at eksistere i åbne (acykliske) og cykliske former og til at give derivater af hver af formerne. De fleste monoser ringsluttes i vandig opløsning for at danne interne hemiacetaler (i aldoser) eller hemiketaler (i ketoser) i monosaccharidmolekylet. Glucose danner for eksempel let hemiacetaler ved at forbinde C 1 og C 5 carbonatomer med dets oxygenatom O5 i hydroxylgruppen og danner en 6-leddet ring kaldet pyranose. Den samme reaktion kan finde sted mellem C 1 og C 4 atomer , i hvilket tilfælde en 5-leddet furanose dannes.

Monosaccharider i naturen

Monosaccharider er en del af komplekse kulhydrater ( glycosider , oligosaccharider , polysaccharider ) og blandede kulhydratholdige biopolymerer ( glycoproteiner , glycolipider osv.). I dette tilfælde er monosaccharider forbundet med hinanden og til den ikke-kulhydrat del af molekylet ved glykosidbindinger. Ved hydrolyse af syrer eller enzymer kan disse bindinger brydes for at frigive monosaccharider. I naturen er frie monosaccharider, med undtagelse af D-glucose og D-fructose , sjældne. Biosyntesen af monosaccharider fra kuldioxid og vand sker i planter (se Fotosyntese ); med deltagelse af aktiverede derivater af monosaccharider - nukleosid-diphosphatsukker - er der som regel biosyntese af komplekse kulhydrater. Nedbrydningen af monosaccharider i kroppen (for eksempel alkoholisk gæring , glykolyse ) ledsages af frigivelse af energi.

Ansøgning

Nogle frie monosaccharider og deres derivater (f.eks. glucose , fructose og dets diphosphat osv.) bruges i fødevareindustrien og medicin.

Se også

Noter

↑ biochemistry.ru (utilgængeligt link) . Hentet 3. marts 2012. Arkiveret fra originalen 24. december 2012. (ubestemt)

Links

Mere om monosaccharider

Kulhydrater

Generel:

Geometri

Monosaccharider

Dioses	Aldodiose ( glycoladehyd )
Trioser	Ketotriose ( dihydroxyacetone ) Aldotriose ( glyceraldehyd )
tetroser	Ketotetroza ( Erythrulose ) Altotetroser ( Erythrose , Threose )
Pentoser	Ketopentoser ( ribulose , xylulose ) Aldopentoser ( Ribose , Arabinose , Xylose , Lyxose , Apiose ) Deoxysaccharider ( Deoxyribose )
Hexoser	Ketohexoser ( Psicose , Fructose , Sorbose , Tagatose ) Aldohexoser ( Allose , Altrose , Glucose , Mannose , Gulose , Idose , Galactose , Talose ) Deoxysaccharider ( Fucose , Fuculose , Rhamnose )
Heptoser	Ketoheptoser ( Sedoheptulose , Mannoheptulose )
>7	Oktoser Nonose ( neuraminsyre ) Sialinsyrer ( N-acetylneuraminsyre )

Multisaccharider

disaccharider
Trisaccharider
Tetrasaccharider
Pentasaccharider
Hexasaccharider
Oligosaccharider
Polysaccharider ( glycaner , glucaner , fructaner )

Derivater af kulhydrater

Amino sukker Fosfosukker anhydrosukker Glykosider N-glycosider Glikali Glykoner enoser Glycoseiner Glykosaner Ozon Osazoner
Glycosaminoglycaner	Heparin Heparinsulfat Chondroitin Chondroitinsulfat Hyaluronsyre Geparan Dermatan Dermantansulfat Keratan Keratansulfat Peptidoglycan Chitosamin Chondrosamin
Aminoglykosider	Kanamycin Streptomycin Tobramycin Neomycin Paromomycin Apramycin Gentamicin Netilmicin Amikacin

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