Pheidole
Pheidole (lat.) er en slægt af myrer af stammen Attini (tidligere i Pheidolini ) fra underfamilien Myrmicinae (Formicidae). En af de tre største myreslægter, sammen med Camponotus og Crematogaster . Omkring 1000 arter [1] .
Karakteristika
Disse er små (arbejdere 2-6 mm lange) jordmyrer med karakteristiske storhovedede soldater . Antenner 12-segmenteret (13 hos hanner) med en tydelig stor 3-segmenteret kølle. Et forskelligt antal segmenter i sociale parasitter: 10-segmenteret med en 1-segmenteret kølle i Pheidole argentina og 9-12-segmenteret i andre parasitære arter. Der er også undtagelser blandt ikke-parasitære arter i den nye verden: 10-segmenterede antenner (artsgruppe Pheidole perpusilla ), 11-segmenterede antenner (artsgruppe Pheidole tachigaliae ), almindelige 12-segmenterede antenner, men med en 4-segmenteret kølle ( artsgruppe Pheidole granulata ). Bladstilken mellem thorax og abdomen består af to segmenter: petiole og postpetiole (sidstnævnte er tydeligt adskilt fra abdomen) [1] .
Mange arter samler frø, til hvilke der er udviklet en specialiseret kaste af storhovedede soldater med kraftige mandibler. De fleste arter har en dimorf arbejderkaste (små arbejdere + store soldater). Ud over de sædvanlige små (mindre) og store arbejdere eller soldater (større) har flere arter en 3. underkaste af især store supersoldater (supermajor): Pheidole hirtula , Pheidole macclendoni , Pheidole obtusospinosa , Pheidole polymorpha , Pheidole rhea , Pheidole tepicana [1] [2] .
Otte socialt parasitære arter mangler arbejderkaster: Pheidole argentina (Bruch, 1932) (= Gallardomyrma argentina Bruch, 1932 ), Pheidole acutidens (Santschi, 1922) (= Bruchomyrma acutidens Santschi, 1922 ), Pheidole 0 , heidole in0, heidole , Pheidole in0, heida (= Pheidole symbiotica (Kusnezov, 1952) ) ( = Eriopheidole symbiotica Kusnezov , 1952 ) (ikke Pheidole symbiotica Wasmann, 1909 ), Pheidole microgyna , Pheidole neokohli Wilson, 1984 , kohli, heidi, kohli, kohli , kohli , kohli, 1901 ), Pheidole parasitica Wilson, 1984 [1] [3] . Myrer af arten Pheidole williamsi snyltes af svampen Myrmiciniosporidium durum [4] .
Pheidole longispinosa i Madagaskar bliver plyndret af termitter og myrer Pheidole oswaldi (Forel, 1891) og Paraparatrechina glabra (Emery, 1914) [5] .
Fordeling
Slægten er kendt på næsten alle kontinenter: Afrika , Asien , Australien , Europa , Nord- og Sydamerika . Mere end et dusin arter har spredt sig ud over deres oprindelige udbredelsesområde og er blevet invasive. Den afrotropiske invasive art Pheidole megacephala har spredt sig til mange lande og kontinenter [1] [6] .
Systematik
Slægten omfatter omkring 1000 arter, fordelt hovedsageligt i troperne og subtroperne i den nye verden (mere end 600 arter), tilhører stammen Attini (tidligere i Pheidolini ) (den største slægt i antallet af arter fra underfamilien Myrmicinae ). I Rusland, 2 arter i syd.
Klassificering af arter efter artsgrupper
aurivilli
Afrotropica [7]
- Pheidole aurivilli Mayr, 1896
- Pheidole aurivillia attenuata
- Pheidole aurivillii kasaiensis
- Pheidole aurivillii rubricalva
aberrans
biconstricta
- Pheidole biconstricta Mayr, 1870
- = Pheidole inermis Mayr, 1870
- Pheidole fissiceps Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole plateau Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole simplex Wheeler, 1925
- Pheidole sokrates Forel, 1912
cervicornis
endemisk for New Guinea
crasssicornis
- Pheidole bureni Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole coracina Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole crassicornis Emery, 1895
- Pheidole diversipilosa Wheeler, 1908
- Pheidole erethizon Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole fariasana Wilson, 2003 . Junior synonym af Pheidole insipida
- Pheidole guerrerana Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole pilosior Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole pinicola Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole porcula Wheeler, 1908
- Pheidole spathicornis Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole tetra Creighton, 1950
- Pheidole vallicola Wheeler, 1915
diligens
- Pheidole abakytan Casadei-Ferreira et al., 2020 [8]
- Pheidole accinota Wheeler, 1925
- Pheidole aciculata Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole alfaroi Emery, 1896
- Pheidole alpesris Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole angusta Forel, 1908
- Pheidole anima Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole ariel Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole biolleyi Forel, 1908
- Pheidole blumenauensis Kempf, 1964
- Pheidole boruca Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole brandaoi Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole bruesi Wheeler, 1911
- Pheidole calimana Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole cameroni Mayr, 1887
- Pheidole camptostela Kempf, 1972
- Pheidole cataractae Wheeler, 1916
- Pheidole chilensis Mayr, 1862
- Pheidole chrysops Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole cocciphaga Borgmeier, 1934 . Synonym for Pheidole longiscapa
- Pheidole coffeicola Borgmeier, 1934
- Pheidole crozieri Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole cyrtostela Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole davidsonae Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole demeter Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole diana Forel, 1908
- Pheidole diligens (F. Smith, 1858)
- Pheidole embolopyx Brown, 1968
- Pheidole fowleri Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole fortæller Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole geraesensis Santschi, 1929
- Pheidole hierax Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole hoelldobleri Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole indistincta Wilson, 2003 . Junior synonym af Pheidole pubiventris
- Pheidole idiota Santschi [8] (= Pheidole laticornis Wilson)
- Pheidole inversa Forel, 1901
- Pheidole laelaps Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole laevifrons Mayr, 1887
- Pheidole laevinota Forel, 1908
- Pheidole laidlowi Mann, 1916
- Pheidole lancifera Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole laticornis Wilson, 2003 . Junior synonym for Pheidole vafra eller Pheidole idiota [8]
- Pheidole lemur Forel, 1912
- Pheidole longiscapa Forel, 1912
- = Pheidole cocciphaga Borgmeier, 1934
- Pheidole longiseta Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole machetula Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole medialis Wilson, 2003 . Junior synonym af Pheidole radoszkowskii
- Pheidole mooreorum Wilson, 2003 . Junior synonym af Pheidole insipida
- Pheidole noar Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole nubila Emery, 1906
- Pheidole oxyops Forel, 1908 [9] [10]
- Pheidole paranana Santschi [8]
- Pheidole perdiligens Wilson, 2003 . Junior synonym af Pheidole plebecula
- Pheidole peregrina Wheeler, 1916
- Pheidole perryorum Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole piceonigra Emery, 1922
- Pheidole prostrata Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole pubiventris Mayr, 1887
- Pheidole pugnax Dalla Torre, 1892
- Pheidole quiaccana Wheeler, 1925
- Pheidole radoszkowskii Mayr, 1884
- Pheidole reichenspergeri Santschi, 1923
- Pheidole riveti Santschi, 1911
- Pheidole rochai Forel, 1912
- Pheidole rufipilis Forel, 1908
- Pheidole sagax Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole scimitara Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole seeldrayersi Forel, 1910
- Pheidole seligmanni Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole sensitiva Borgmeier, 1959
- Pheidole sicaria Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole spilota Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole stigma Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole strigosa Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole subnuda Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole tanyscapa Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole tenuis Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole tepuicola Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole texticeps Wilson, 2003 . Junior synonym af Pheidole plebecula
- Pheidole triconstricta Forel, 1886
- Pheidole tschinkeli Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole vafella Wheeler, 1925
- Pheidole vafra Santschi, 1923
- = Pheidole laticornis Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole variegata Emery, 1896 . Junior synonym af Pheidole pubiventris
- Pheidole veletis Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole venatrix Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole violacea Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole williamsi Wheeler, 1919
- Pheidole zelata Wilson, 2003
distorta
- Pheidole bufo Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole deima Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole distorta Forel, 1899
- Pheidole dolon Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole monstrosa Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole reclusi Forel, 1899
- Pheidole scapulata Santschi, 1923
excellence
Afrotropica [7]
catonae kompleks
- Pheidole catonae
- Pheidole sculpturata zambesiana
ekspertisekompleks _
- Pheidole Excellence
- Pheidole excellens fulvobasalis
- Pheidole fremragende weissi
- Pheidole liengmei
- Pheidole liengmei malindana
- Pheidole liengmei micrartifex
- Pheidole liengmei shinsendensis
- Pheidole njassae
- Pheidole sculpturata
- Pheidole sculpturata areolata
- Pheidole sculpturata berthoudi
- Pheidole sculpturata dignata
- Pheidole sculpturata rhodesiana
- Pheidole sculpturata welgelegenensis
incertae sedis inden for excellensgruppen
- Pheidole arnoldi
- Pheidole arnoldi ballaensis
- Pheidole arnoldi rufescens
fallax
- Pheidole acamata Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole aculifera Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole acutidens (Santschi, 1922)
- Pheidole aenescens Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole aequiseta Santschi, 1923
- Pheidole ajax Forel, 1899
- Pheidole alienata Borgmeier, 1929
- Pheidole araneoides Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole arcifera Santschi, 1925
- Pheidole argentina Bruch, 1932
- Pheidole astur Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole bergi Mayr, 1887
- Pheidole caltrop Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole cardinalis Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole caribbaea Wheeler, 1911
- Pheidole chiapasana Wilson, 2003 . Junior synonym for Pheidole deceptrix
- Pheidole chocoensis Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole cielana Wilson, 2003 . Junior synonym for Pheidole nubicola
- Pheidole claviscapa Santschi, 1925
- Pheidole cockerelli Wheeler, 1908
- Pheidole confoedusta Wheeler, 1909
- Pheidole cordiceps Mayr, 1868
- Pheidole cuevasi Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole cursor Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole dentata Mayr, 1886
- Pheidole desertorum Wheeler, 1906
- Pheidole dione Forel, 1913
- Pheidole dossena Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole durionei Santschi, 1923
- Pheidole eidmanni Menozzi, 1926
- Pheidole fallax Mayr, 1870
- Pheidole fiorii Emery, 1890
- Pheidole galba Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole gigas Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole gouldi Forel, 1886
- Pheidole gulo Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole hamtoni Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole haskinsorum Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole hector Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole hirsuta Emery, 1896
- Pheidole huacana Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole humeridens Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole hyatti Emery, 1895
- Pheidole impressa Mayr, 1870
- Pheidole indagatrix Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole industa Santschi, 1939
- Pheidole jaculifera Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole jelskii Mayr, 1884
- Pheidole jujuyensis Forel, 1913
- Pheidole kugleri Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole kukrana Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole kusnezovi Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole laevivertex Forel, 1901
- Pheidole lanigera Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole lattkei Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole leonina Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole leptina Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole lourothi Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole lovejoyi Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole lucretii Santschi, 1923
- Pheidole lupus Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole madrensis Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole maja Forel, 1886
- Pheidole mapinguari Casadei-Ferreira et al., 2020 [8]
- Pheidole mantilla Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole midas Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole morrisii Forel, 1886
- Pheidole nesiota Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole nitidula Emery, 1888
- Pheidole nubicola Wilson, 2003
- = Pheidole cielana Wilson, 2003 . Junior synonym for Pheidole nubicola
- = Pheidole petrensis Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole obscurior Forel, 1886 . Junior synonym af Pheidole susannae
- Pheidole obscurior Forel [8] (= Pheidole partita Mayr)
- Pheidole obscurithorax Naves, 1985
- Pheidole oliveirai Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole optiva Forel, 1901
- Pheidole pampana Santschi, 1929
- Pheidole paraensis Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole perpilosa Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole petrensis Wilson, 2003 . Junior synonym for Pheidole nubicola
- Pheidole portalensis Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole potosiana Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole praeusta Roger, 1863 [11]
- = Pheidole amata Forel, 1901
- Pheidole psilogaster Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole punctithorax Borgmeier, 1929
- Pheidole puttemansi Forel, 1911
- Pheidole roushae Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole rubiceps Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole sciara Cole, 1955
- Pheidole sciophila Wheeler, 1908
- Pheidole sitiens Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole skwarrae Wheeler, 1934
- Pheidole spathipilosa Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole strobeli Emery [8] (= Pheidole perversa Forel)
- Pheidole susannae Forel, 1886
- Pheidole tetroides Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole texana Wheeler, 1903
- Pheidole tigris Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole tijucana Borgmeier, 1927
- Pheidole tobini Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole tolteca Forel, 1901
- Pheidole trageri Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole valens Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole vistana Forel, 1914
- Pheidole wallacei Mann, 1916
- Pheidole wolfringi Forel, 1908
- Pheidole xanthogaster Wilson, 2003
flavens
- Pheidole abaticanga Casadei-Ferreira et al., 2020 [8]
- Pheidole ademonia Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole alacris Santschi, 1923
- Pheidole albipes Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole alticola Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole amabilis Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole amazonica Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole angulifera Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole arboricola Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole arhuaca Forel, 1901
- Pheidole asperithorax Emery, 1894
- Pheidole atticola Forel, 1912
- Pheidole beloceps Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole bidens Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole bilimeki Mayr, 1870
- Pheidole boliviana Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole borgmeieri Kempf, 1972
- Pheidole brachyops Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole breviscapa Forel, 1889 . Junior synonym for Pheidole perpusilla
- Pheidole breviseta Santschi, 1919
- Pheidole browni Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole bruchella Forel, 1915
- Pheidole camilla Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole caracalla Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole carapunco Kusnezov, 1952
- Pheidole cardiella Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole carinata Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole casta Wheeler, 1908
- Pheidole caulicola Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole ceibana Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole cerina Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole chalca Wheeler, 1914
- Pheidole chalcoides Wilson, 2003 . Synonym for Pheidole nitidicollis
- Pheidole charazana Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole chloe Forel, 1908 . Synonym for Pheidole striaticeps
- Pheidole christopherseni Forel, 1912
- Pheidole citrina Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole constipata Wheeler, 1908
- Pheidole crinita Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole daphne Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole darlingtoni Wheeler, 1936
- Pheidole delicata Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole dentigula Smith, 1927
- Pheidole dinophila Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole drepanon Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole dryas Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole dumicola Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole ebenina Wilson, 2003 . Junior synonym for Pheidole laselva
- Pheidole ecuadorana Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole erratilis Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole euryscopa Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole exigua Mayr, 1884
- Pheidole exquisita Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole flavens Roger, 1863
- Pheidole flavida Mayr, 1887
- Pheidole flavifrons Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole floricola Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole floridana Emery, 1895
- Pheidole furtiva Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole geminata Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole gilva Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole glomericeps Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole goeldii Forel, 1895
- Pheidole grex Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole guajirana Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole harlequina Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole harrisonfordi Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole hazenae Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole hedlundorum Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole heterothrix Santschi 1923
- Pheidole hizemops Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole humeralis Wheeler, 1908
- Pheidole infernalis Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole juniperae Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole kuna Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole laselva Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole lemnisca Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole lignicola Mayr, 1887
- Pheidole longinoi Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole lucaris Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole lustrata Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole mackayi Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole mallota Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole meinertopsis Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole melastomae Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole mera Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole metallescens Emery, 1895
- Pheidole-mikon Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole micridris Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole microgyna Wheeler, 1928
- Pheidole mincana Wilson, 2003 . Junior synonym for Pheidole boliviana
- Pheidole minutula Mayr, 1878
- Pheidole mittermeieri Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole mixteca Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole moerens Wheeler, 1910
- Pheidole moffetti Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole monteverdensis Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole morelosana Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole multispina Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole nana Emery, 1894
- Pheidole nasutoides Hölldobler og Wilson, 1992
- Pheidole nebulosa Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole neolongiceps Brown, 1950
- Pheidole nigricula Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole nitella Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole nitidicollis Emery, 1896
- = Pheidole chalcoides Wilson 2003
- Pheidole nuculiceps Wheeler, 1908
- Pheidole oaxacana Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole obtusopilosa Mayr, 1887
- Pheidole olsoni Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole onyx Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole orbica Forel, 1893
- Pheidole otisi Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole palenquensis Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole pariana Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole smager Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole perkinsi Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole petersoni Wilson, 2003 . Junior synonym af Pheidole erratilis
- Pheidole pholeops Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole prolixa Wilson, 2003 . Junior synonym af Pheidole harrisonfordi
- Pheidole protensa Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole pygmaea Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole quadriceps Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole quercicola Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole rectiluma Wilson, 2003 . Junior synonym Pheidole bilimeki
- Pheidole rectisentis Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole rectispina Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole rectitrudis Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole renae Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole rudigenis Emery, 1906
- Pheidole ruida Wilson, 2003 . Junior synonym af Pheidole harrisonfordi
- Pheidole sabella Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole sagana Wheeler, 1934 . Junior synonym af Pheidole nitidicollis
- Pheidole sagittaria Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole scabriventris Wilson, 2003 . Junior synonym af Pheidole nebulosa
- Pheidole schmalzi Emery, 1894
- Pheidole scitula Wilson, 2003 . Junior synonym for Pheidole boliviana
- Pheidole billedhugger Forel, 1893
- Pheidole servilia Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole similigena Wheeler, 1937
- Pheidole sospes Forel, 1908
- Pheidole specularis Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole stomachosa Wheeler, 1917
- Pheidole striaticeps Mayr, 1870
- = Pheidole chloe Forel, 1908
- Pheidole styrax Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole subreticulata Emery, 1894
- Pheidole tachirana Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole tambopatae Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole tarchon Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole tayrona Wilson, 2003 . Junior synonym Pheidole billedhugger
- Pheidole tenebra Wilson, 2003 . Junior synonym af Pheidole harrisonfordi
- Pheidole tenerescens Wheeler, 1922
- Pheidole tennantae Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole termitobia Forel, 1901
- Pheidole terresi Wheeler og Mann, 1914
- Pheidole tetrica Forel, 1913
- Pheidole tillandsiarum Wheeler, 1934
- Pheidole tragica Wheeler, 1934
- Pheidole trinitatis Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole tysoni Forel, 1901
- Pheidole ulothrix Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole umphreyi Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole verricula Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole victima Santschi, 1929
- Pheidole viriosa Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole xyston Wilson, 2003
gertrudae
- Pheidole capillata Emery, 1906
- Pheidole gertrudae Forel, 1886
- Pheidole jeannei Wilson, 2003
granulata
- Pheidole clydei Gregg, 1950
- Pheidole dwyeri
- Pheidole granulata Pergande, 1896
- Pheidole grundmanni M. R. Smith, 1953
- Pheidole hecate Wheeler, 1911
lamia
- Pheidole colobopsis Mann, 1916
- Pheidole lamia Wheeler, 1901
- Pheidole pelor Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole truncula Wilson, 2003
megacephala
Afrotropica [7]
- Pheidole megacephala
- Pheidole megacephala atrox
- Pheidole megacephala costauriensis
- Pheidole megacephala duplex
- Pheidole megacephala ilgi
- Pheidole megacephala impressifrons
- Pheidole megacephala melankolica
- Pheidole megacephala nkomoana
- Pheidole megacephala rotundata
- Pheidole megacephala speculifrons
- Pheidole megacephala talpa
- Pheidole punctulata
- Pheidole spinosa
- = P. picata og P. decepticon
perpusilla
- Pheidole gemmula Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole globularia Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole perpusilla Emery, 1894
- Pheidole zeteki Smith, 1947
pilifera
[12]
- Pheidole adrianoi Naves, 1985
- Pheidole agricola Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole aurea Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole azteca Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole bajaensis Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole barbata Wheeler, 1908
- Pheidole bicarinata Mayr, 1870
- Pheidole calens Forel, 1901
- Pheidole californica Mayr, 1870
- Pheidole carrolli Naves, 1985
- Pheidole cavigenis Wheeler, 1915
- Pheidole centeotl Wheeler, 1914
- Pheidole cerebrosior Wheeler, 1915
- Pheidole ceres Wheeler, 1904
- Pheidole clementensis Gregg, 1969
- Pheidole creightoni Gregg, 1955
- Pheidole davisi Wheeler, 1905
- Pheidole defecta Santschi, 1923
- Pheidole elecebra (Wheeler, 1904)
- Pheidole gilvescens Creighton og Gregg, 1955
- Pheidole hirtula Forel, 1899
- Pheidole hoplitica Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole inquilina (Wheeler 1903)
- Pheidole littoralis Cole, 1952
- Pheidole macclendoni Wheeler, 1908
- Pheidole macrops Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole marcidula Wheeler, 1908
- Pheidole micula Wheeler, 1915
- Pheidole militicida Wheeler, 1915
- Pheidole obtusospinosa Pergande, 1896
- Pheidole paiute Gregg, 1959
- Pheidole pilifera (Roger, 1863)
- Pheidole pinealis Wheeler, 1908
- Pheidole polymorpha Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole psammophila Creighton og Gregg, 1955
- Pheidole rhea Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole rugulosa Gregg, 1959
- Pheidole senex Gregg, 1952
- Pheidole setsukoae Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole soritis Wheeler, 1908
- Pheidole spadonia Wheeler, 1915
- Pheidole tepicana Pergande, 1896
- Pheidole titanis Wheeler, 1903
- Pheidole torosa Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole virago Wheeler, 1915
- Pheidole xerophila Wheeler, 1908
- Pheidole yaqui Creighton og Gregg, 1955
- Pheidole yucatana Wilson, 2003
pulchella
Afrotropica [7]
- Pheidole batrachorum Wheeler, 1922
- Pheidole christinae Fischer, Hita Garcia & Peters, 2011
- Pheidole darwini Fischer, Hita Garcia & Peters, 2011
- Pheidole dea Santschi, 1921
- Pheidole glabrella Fischer, Hita Garcia & Peters, 2011
- Pheidole heliosa Fischer, Hita Garcia & Peters, 2011
- Pheidole klaman Gomez et al., 2022 [13]
- Pheidole nimba Bernard, 1953
- Pheidole pulchella Santschi, 1910
- Pheidole rebeccae Fischer, Hita Garcia & Peters, 2011
- Pheidole semidea Fischer, Hita Garcia & Peters, 2011
- Pheidole setosa Fischer, Hita Garcia & Peters, 2011
punctatissima
- Pheidole angusticeps Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole aripoensis Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole cataphracta Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole dasypyx Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole gradifer Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole humida Wilson, 2003 . Junior synonym for Pheidole boltoni
- Pheidole inca Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole meinerti Forel, 1905
- Pheidole metana Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole punctatissima Mayr, 1870
- Pheidole rugiceps Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole tuxtlasana Wilson, 2003
scrobifera
- Pheidole arctos Wilson, 2003 . Synonym for Pheidole simonsi
- Pheidole cubaensis Mayr, 1862
- Pheidole epetrion Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole gangamon Wilson, 2003 . Synonym for Pheidole simonsi
- Pheidole mamore Mann, 1916
- Pheidole peckorum Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole scrobifera Emery, 1896
- Pheidole simonsi Wilson, 2003
- = Pheidole arctos Wilson, 2003 . Synonym for Pheidole simonsi
- = Pheidole gangamon Wilson, 2003
- = Pheidole thrasys Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole tisiphone Wheeler, 1911
- Pheidole vestita Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole wardi Wilson, 2003
speculifera
Afrotropica [7]
prelly kompleks
- Pheidole caffra
- Pheidole caffra abyssinica
- Pheidole caffra amoena
- Pheidole caffra bayeri
- Pheidole caffra montivaga
- Pheidole caffra senilifrons
- Pheidole prelli
- Pheidole prelli ingenita
- Pheidole prelli redbankensis
speculifera kompleks
- Pheidole crassinoda
- Pheidole crassinoda pluto
- Pheidole crassinoda ruspolii
- Pheidole crassinoda sordidula
- Pheidole occipitalis
- Pheidole occipitalis adami
- Pheidole occipitalis neutralis
- Pheidole speculifera
- Pheidole speculifera ascara
- Pheidole speculifera bispecula
- Pheidole speculifera cubangensis
tachigaliae
- Pheidole dorsata Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole gibbata Borgmeier, 1934
- Pheidole mendicula Wheeler, 1925
- Pheidole pedana Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole tachigaliae Wheeler, 1921
teneriffana
- Pheidole teneriffana Forel, 1893
transversostriata
- Pheidole bicornis Forel, 1899
- Pheidole gnomus Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole obapara Casadei-Ferreira et al., 2020 [8]
- Pheidole scolioceps Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole transversostriata Mayr, 1887
- = Pheidole scalaris Wilson, 2003
tristis
- Pheidole absurda Forel, 1886
- Pheidole alayoi Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole alexeter Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole allarmata Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole alpinensis Forel, 1912
- Pheidole amata Forel, 1901 . Junior synonym for Pheidole praeusta
- Pheidole ambigua Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole androsana Wheeler, 1905
- Pheidole antillana Forel, 1893
- Pheidole aper Forel, 1912
- Pheidole arachnion Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole arietans Wilson, 2003 . Junior synonym for Pheidole walkeri
- Pheidole auropilosa Mayr, 1887
- Pheidole avia Forel, 1908
- Pheidole bakeri Forel, 1912
- Pheidole balzani Emery, 1894
- Pheidole bambusarum Forel, 1908
- Pheidole bellatrix Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole binasifera Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole bison Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole boltoni Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole brevicona Mayr, 1887
- Pheidole breviseta Santschi, 1919
- Pheidole bruchi Forel, 1914
- Pheidole brunnescens Santschi, 1929
- Pheidole bucculenta Forel, 1908
- Pheidole bulliceps Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole cangussu Casadei-Ferreira et al., 2020 [8]
- Pheidole carapuna Mann, 1916
- = Pheidole tristicula Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole celaena Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole cephalica Wilson, 2003 . Junior synonym for Pheidole vorax
- Pheidole cornicula Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole coveri Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole cramptoni Wheeler, 1916
- Pheidole cuprina Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole curupira Casadei-Ferreira et al., 2020 [8]
- Pheidole deceptrix Forel, 1899
- Pheidole descolei Kusnezov, 1952
- Pheidole diabolus Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole dyctiota Kempf, 1972
- Pheidole ectatommoides Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole eparmata Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole eriophora Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole exarata Emery, 1896
- Pheidole eksekubitør Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole-fabrikant (F. Smith, 1858)
- Pheidole fera Santschi, 1925
- Pheidole fimbriata Roger, 1863
- Pheidole fullerae Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole gaigei Forel, 1914
- Pheidole gauthieri Forel, 1912
- Pheidole germaini Emery, 1896
- Pheidole gibba Mayr, 1887
- Pheidole gigaflavens Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole glyphoderma Wilson, 2003 . Junior synonym for Pheidole walkeri
- Pheidole godmani Forel, 1893
- Pheidole grandinodus Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole grantae Wilson, 2003 . Junior synonym til Pheidole exarata
- Pheidole gravida Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole guayasana Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole guilelmimuelleri Forel, 1886
- Pheidole hasticeps Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole hetschkoi Emery, 1896
- Pheidole heyeri Forel, 1911
- Pheidole hispaniolae Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole horribilis Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole hortonae Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole huilana Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole incisa Mayr, 1870
- Pheidole iracunda Wilson, 2003 . Junior synonym for Pheidole arachnion
- Pheidole jivaro Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole laeviventris Mayr, 1870
- Pheidole laudatana Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole lutzi Forel, 1905
- Pheidole macracantha Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole macromischoides Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole manuana Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole mikroper Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole minax Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole mirabilis Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole moseni Wheeler, 1925
- Pheidole mosenopsis Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole napoensis Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole nasifera Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole naylae Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole nigella Emery, 1894
- Pheidole obrima Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole pepo Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole peruviana Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole pidax Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole pilispina Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole polita Emery, 1894
- Pheidole priser Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole prattorum Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole pullula Santschi, 1911
- Pheidole næsehorn Forel, 1899
- Pheidole rhytifera Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole risii Forel, 1892
- Pheidole rogeri Emery, 1896
- Pheidole rosae Forel, 1901
- Pheidole rosula Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole rotundiceps Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole rugatula Santschi, 1933
- Pheidole rutilana Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole sabina Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole sarcina Forel, 1912
- Pheidole sarpedon Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole schwarzmaieri Borgmeier, 1939
- Pheidole securigera Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole senilis Santschi, 1929
- Pheidole severini Forel, 1904
- Pheidole sigillata Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole sphaerica Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole spininodis Mayr, 1887
- Pheidole steinheili Forel, 1901
- Pheidole stulta Forel, 1886
- Pheidole subarmata Mayr, 1884
- Pheidole subsphaerica Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole superba Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole synarmata Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole terribilis Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole trachyderma Emery, 1906
- Pheidole træner Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole triplex Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole tristicula Wilson, 2003 . Junior synonym for Pheidole carapuna
- Pheidole tristis (Smith, F., 1858)
- Pheidole tristops Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole triumbonata Wilson, 2003 . Junior synonym for Pheidole walkeri
- Pheidole unicornis Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole ursus Mayr, 1870
- Pheidole vallifica Forel, 1901
- Pheidole variceps Wilson, 2003 . Junior synonym for Pheidole deceptrix
- Pheidole vomer Wilson, 2003
- Pheidole walkeri Mann, 1922
- Pheidole zoster Wilson, 2003
Andre typer
- Pheidole bigote Longino , 2009
- Pheidole branstetteri Longino , 2009
- Pheidole carinote Longino , 2009
- Pheidole debilis Longino, 2009
- Pheidole eowilsoni Longino , 2009
- Pheidole epiphyta Longino , 2009
- Pheidole fossimandibula Longino , 2009
- Pheidole gymnoceras Longino , 2009
- Pheidole innupta Menozzi, 1931
- Pheidole janzeni Longino , 2009
- Pheidole karolmorae Longino , 2009
- Pheidole karolsetosa Longino , 2009
- Pheidole oculata (Emery, 1899) - Madagaskar
Tilføjelser
- Tilføjelser (2019, 57 nye arter fra Mellemamerika): Ph. ajaxigibba , Ph. andersoni , Ph. angustinigra , Ph. atitlana , Ph. balatro , Ph. belonorte , Ph. besalon , Ph. bicornisculpta , Ph. brownampla , Ph. cahui , Ph. caliginosa , Ph. carinitida , Ph. corniclypeus , Ph. costaricensis , Ph. Cusuco , Ph. depressinoda , Ph. eosimilis , Ph. familiaparra , Ph. fincanaranjo , Ph. hansoni , Ph. hectornitida , Ph. hitoy , Ph. huarache , Ph. imbrilis , Ph. indagarama , Ph. kasparii , Ph. kelainos , Ph. lagunculiminor , Ph. lamancha , Ph. laselvoides , Ph. lineafrons , Ph. luteagossamer , Ph. machaquila , Ph. marmor , Ph. moskitia , Ph. muralla , Ph. musacolor , Ph. musinermis , Ph. natalie , ph. nephele , Ph. obturaculum , Ph. passivaeferox , Ph. perissothrix , Ph. platyscapa , Ph. probolotum , Ph. rima , Ph. rogeripolita , Ph. savegre , Ph. sensipelada , Ph. sepultura , Ph. tapanti , Ph. tikal , Ph. tinamu , Ph. tsontekonwei , Ph. tuculutan , Ph. xiloa , Ph. zannia [14] .
- Tilføjelser (2020, 46 nye arter fra Madagaskar): Ph. aelloea , Ph. ala , Ph. andapa , Ph. ankerana , Ph. avaratra , Ph. bemarahaensis , Ph. bemarivoensis , Ph. binara , Ph. boribora , Ph. brevipilosa , Ph. curvistriata , Ph. diakritos , Ph. ehazoara , Ph. ferruginea , Ph. fisaka , Ph. fitarata , Ph. glabra , Ph. goavana , Ph. lamperos , Ph. longipilosa , Ph. lutea , Ph. madinika , Ph. mahaboensis , Ph. maizina , Ph. makaensis , Ph. makirovana , Ph. manantenensis , Ph. mantadia , Ph. mariannae , Ph. Masoala , Ph. mavesatra , Ph. miramila , Ph. moramanaensis , Ph. navoatrensis , Ph. ocypodea , Ph. parviocula , Ph. podargea , Ph. praegrandis , Ph. ranohirensis , Ph. rugocephala , Ph. rugofitaratata , Ph. typhlos , Ph. vatovavensis , Ph. voasara , Ph. vohemarensis , Ph. zavamanira [17] .
- Tilføjelser (2020, 41 nye arter fra Madagaskar): P. alina , P. ambohimanga , P. analavelona , P. andohahela , P. anomala , P. anosyenne , P. antranohofa , P. beanka , P. befotaka , P. dasos , P. flavominuta , P. gracilis , P. haboka , P. havoana , P. hazo , P. itremo , P. joffreville , P. kely , P. lavasoa , P. mahamavo , P. mainty , P. mamiratra , P. manantenina , P. masoandro , P. mavohavoana , P. midongy , P. mikros , P. mivory , P. nitidobruna , P. parvula , P. parvulogibba , P. renirano , P. sava , P. sofia , P. sparsa , P. tampony , P. trichotos , P. tsaravoniana , P. vadum , P. volontany , P. vony [18]
- Tilføjelser (2020, 13 nye arter fra Madagaskar fra P. bessonii-gruppen ) : P. antsahabe , P. atsirakambiaty , P. clara , P. flammea , P. flavodepressa , P. mantadioflava , P. maro , P. Ovalinoda , P. Ovalinoda similis , P. tenebrovulgaris , P. uranus , P. voreios , P. zirafy . Fra samme gruppe: P. decollata , P. grallatrix , P. madecassa , P. oswaldi [19]
Palæontologi
Der kendes 6 fossile arter [20] .
- † Pheidole anticua Casadei Ferreira, Chaul & Feitosa, 2019 - Dominikansk rav (Tidlig miocæn , 16-19 Ma) [20]
- † Pheidole primigenia Baroni Urbani, 1995 - Dominikansk rav [21]
- † Pheidole tethepa Wilson, 1985 - Dominikansk rav [22]
- † Pheidole tertiaria Carpenter, 1930 – Florissant, Colorado, USA (Late Eocene , 34 Ma; Evanoff et al. 2001) [23]
- † Pheidole rasnitsyni Dubovikoff, 2011 – kopal (< Holocæn , 1 Ma; Perkovsky 2016) [24] [25]
- † Pheidole cordata (Holl 1829) - Baltisk rav (sen eocæn, 34-48 Ma; Seyfullah et al. 2018) [26]
Fauna i Rusland
Noter
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Wilson EO 2003 . Pheidole i den nye verden: En hyperdiverse myreslægt. Arkiveret 16. marts 2016 på Wayback Machine ISBN 0-674-00293-8
- ↑ Huang MH, D.E. Wheeler. Kolonidemografi af sjældne soldater-polymorfe arbejderkastesystemer i Pheidole - myrer (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Arkiveret 4. juni 2018 på Wayback Machine - Insekt. soc. (2011) 58:539-549. DOI 10.1007/s00040-011-0176-8
- ↑ De ekstreme, arbejdsløse inquilines. . 28. januar 2017 www.ameisenportal.eu
- ↑ Espadaler X. Pheidole williamsi (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) parasiteret af Myrmiciniosporidium durum (svampe) på øen San Salvador (Galapagos-øerne). — Sociobiologi. 1997, bind. 30, nr. 1, side 99-101.
- ↑ Timothy Peter Lampasona. (2015). Madagaskarmyre Pheidole longispinosa (Forel, 1891) Opførsel som regionalt dominerende myrerovdyr i regnskovsmiljø (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). — Tidsskrift for Insekts Opførsel. Juli 2015, bind 28, hæfte 4, s. 359-368.
Link Arkiveret 18. juni 2018 på Wayback Machine
- ↑ Sarnat, E.M.; Fischer, G.; Guénard, B.; Economo, EP Introducerede Pheidole of the world: taksonomi, biologi og distribution (engelsk) // ZooKeys : Journal. - Sofia: Pensoft Publishers, 2015. - Vol. 543. - S. 1-109. — ISSN 1313-2970 . doi : 10.3897/ zookeys.543.6050 .
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Fischer, G., Hita Garcia, F. & Peters, MK 2012. Taksonomi af myreslægten Pheidole Westwood i den afrotropiske zoogeografiske region: definition af artsgrupper og systematisk revision af Pheidole pulchella -gruppen. Zootaxa 3232: 1-43.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Alexandre Casadei-Ferreira, Evan P. Economo, Rodrigo M. Feitosa. Tilføjelser til taksonomien for Pheidole (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) fra de sydlige græsarealer i Brasilien (engelsk) // Revista Brasileira de Entomologia : Journal. - Curitiba, PR Brasil: Sociedade Brasileira De Entomologia, 2020. - Vol. 64, nr. 4 . — ISSN 1806-9665 . - doi : 10.1590/1806-9665-RBENT-2020-0068 .
- ↑ Gomes, IJMT, Santiago, DF, Campos, RI og Vasconcelos, HL 2019. Hvorfor placerer Pheidole oxyops (Forel, 1908) myrer fjer omkring deres reder? Ecological Entomology 44: 451-456 ( doi : 10.1111/een.12722 ).
- ↑ Heraldo L. Vasconcelos, Inácio JMT Gomes, Ricardo I. Campos (2021). Økologi af Pheidole oxyops Forel, 1908, en dominerende myre i neotropiske savanner. Insectes Sociaux 68(1) Jan 2021 DOI: 10.1007/s00040-021-00807-7 ISBN 0020-1812
- ↑ Roberto J. Guerrero, Emira García, Fernando Fernández. (2022). Pheidole Westwood , 1839 myrer (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) i Colombia: nye optegnelser, herunder to arter med bemærkelsesværdig morfologi. zootaxa. 5154, 3:319-332. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5154.3.5
- ↑ Burge, DO 2005: Taksonomi, biologi og distribution af frøhøstende myrer i Pheidole californica - komplekset (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 14(2): 137-150.
- ↑ Gómez K, Kouakou LM, Fischer G, Hita-Garcia F, Katzke J, Economo EP (2022) Pheidole klaman sp. nov.: en ny tilføjelse fra Elfenbenskysten til den afrotropiske pulchella -artsgruppe (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Myrmicinae). ZooKeys 1104: 129-157. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1104.81562
- ↑ 1 2 Longino, John T. Pheidole (Hymenoptera, Formicidae ) fra Mellemamerikanske Wet Forest // Zootaxa : Journal. - Auckland , New Zealand : Magnolia Press, 2019. - Vol. 4599, nr. 1 . - S. 1-126. — ISSN 1175-5326 . - doi : 10.11646/zootaxa.4599.1.1 .
- ↑ Makhan D. (2007). Pheidole soesilae sp. nov. fra Surinam (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Calodema Supplementary Paper No. 59:1-2.
- ↑ Makhan D. (2021). Pheidole soesilae Makhan, 2007 som særskilt art (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences ( Jamshoro ), 5(2):7-12. ISSN 2521-8328
- ↑ Salata S. & Fisher BL Pheidole Westwood, 1839 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) fra Madagaskar – en introduktion og en taksonomisk revision af elleve artsgrupper // ZooKeys : Journal. - Sofia: Pensoft Publishers, 2020. - Vol. 905 . - S. 1-235. — ISSN 1313-2970 . doi : 10.3897/ zookeys.905.39592 .
- ↑ Salata S. & Fisher BL Taksonomisk revision af Pheidole sikorae- artsgruppen (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) fra Madagaskar // ZooKeys : Journal. - Sofia: Pensoft Publishers, 2020. - Vol. 949 . - S. 1-185. — ISSN 1313-2970 . doi : 10.3897/ zookeys.949.51269 .
- ↑ Salata S. & Fisher BL Myreslægten Pheidole Westwood, 1839 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) på Madagaskar — taksonomisk revision af bessonii -artsgruppen // Zootaxa : Journal . - Auckland , New Zealand : Magnolia Press, 2020. - Vol. 4843 , nr. 1 . - S. 1-64. — ISSN 1175-5326 . - doi : 10.11646/zootaxa.4843.1.1 .
- ↑ 1 2 Casadei-Ferreira A, Chaul JCM, Feitosa RM (2019) En ny art af Pheidole (Formicidae, Myrmicinae) fra dominikansk rav med en gennemgang af fossiloptegnelser for slægten. ZooKeys 866: 117-125. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.866.35756
- ↑ Baroni Urbani C (1995) Invasion og udryddelse i den vestindiske myrefauna genset: eksemplet med Pheidole (Amber Collection Stuttgart: Hymenoptera, Formicidae. VIII: Myrmicinae, partim). Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde. Serie B (Geologie und Paläontologie) 222: 1-12.
- ↑ Wilson E.O. (1985) Myrer af det dominikanske rav (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). 1. To nye myrmicine slægter og en afvigende Pheidole. Psyche (Cambridge) 92:1-9. https://doi.org/10.1155/1985/17307
- ↑ Evanoff E, Mcintosh WC, Murphey PC (2001) Stratigraphic summary and 40Ar/39Ar Geochronology of the Florissant Formation, Colorado. I Evanoff E, Gregory Wodzicki KM, Johnson KR (Eds) Fossil flora og stratigrafi af Florissant Formation, Colorado. Proceedings of the Denver Museum of Nature and Science 4(1): 1-16.
- ↑ Dubovikoff DA (2011) Den første optegnelse af slægten Pheidole Westwood, 1839 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) fra det baltiske rav. Russian Entomological Journal 20: 255-257. https://doi.org/10.15298/rusentj.20.3.06
- ↑ Perkovsky EE (2016) Tropiske og holarktiske myrer i sen eocæn rav. Vestnik Zoologii 50: 111-122. https://doi.org/10.1515/vzoo-2016-0014
- ↑ Seyfullah LJ, Beimforde C, Dal Corso J, Perrichot V, Rikkinen J, Schmidt AR (2018) Produktion og konservering af harpiks - fortid og nutid. Biological Reviews 93: 1684-1714. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12414
Litteratur
- Dlussky G. M. 1976 . Organisering af gruppesøgning i myren Pheidole pallidula // Gruppeadfærd hos dyr: Dokl. 2 Alle. konf. om dyrs adfærd. 1976. S. 97 - 99.
- Kipyatkov V. E., Lopatina E. B. 1987 . Pheidole fervida F. Smith - en ny myreart for faunaen i Primorsky Krai, dens sæsonbestemte cyklus og nogle træk ved biologi // "Myrer og skovbeskyttelse": Mater. VIII Alle. myrmecol. symp. Novosibirsk, 1987, s. 145-149.
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