Haler
Haler [1] ( lat. Theclinae ) er en underfamilie af dagsommerfugle fra familien af duer .
Beskrivelse
Et karakteristisk træk ved sommerfuglene i denne familie er små halelignende udvækster på bagvingerne , som de fik deres russiske navn for. Disse udvækster kan distrahere rovdyrs opmærksomhed fra vitale dele af kroppen [2] . De fleste repræsentanter sidder i ro med foldede vinger. Larver lever af træagtige planter, nogle larver kan angribe og lever af andre larver. Overvintring sker på stadiet af puppe eller æg [1] .
Klassifikation (ifølge Eliot, 1973)
Taxon Aphnaeini er tildelt en separat underfamilie Aphnaeinae [3]
- Stammen Theclini
- Amblopala Leech, [1893]
- Antigius Sibatani & Ito, 1942
- Araragi Sibatani & Ito, 1942
- Artopoetes Chapman, 1909
- Austrozephyrus Howarth, 1957
- Chaetoprocta de Niceville, 1890
- Chrysozephyrus Shirozu & Yamamoto, 1956
- Cordelia Shirozu & Yamamoto, 1956
- Coreana Tutt, [1907]
- Esakiozephyrus Shirozu & Yamamoto, 1956
- Euaspa Moore, 1884
- Favonius Sibatani & Ito, 1942
- Goldia Dubatolov & Korshunov, 1990
- Gonerilia Shirozu & Yamamoto, 1956
- Habrodais Scudder, 1876
- Howarthia Shirozu & Yamamoto, 1956
- Hypaurotis Scudder, 1876
- Iosephyrus ? Wang Min, 2002
- Iratsume Sibatani & Ito, 1942
- Japanica Tutt, [1907]
- Laeosopis Rambur, 1858
- Leucantigius Shirôzu & Murayama, 1951
- Matsutaroa Hayashi, Schröder & Treadaway, 1984 - mangler fra Eliot, 1973
- Nanlingozephyrus Wang & Pang, 1998
- Neozephyrus Sibatani & Ito, 1942
- Protantigius Shirozu & Yamamoto, 1956
- Proteuaspa ?Koiwaya, ?2003
- Rachana Eliot, 1978 - savnet fra Eliot, 1973
- Ravenna Shirozu & Yamamoto, 1956
- Saigusaozephyrus Koiwaya, 1993
- Shaanxiana Koiwaya, 1993
- Shirozua Sibatani & Ito, 1942
- Shizuyaozephyrus ?Koiwaya, ?2003
- Sibataniozephyrus Inomata , 1986
- Teratozephyrus Sibatani, 1946
- Thecla Fabricius, 1807
- Thermozephyrus Inomata & Itagaki, 1986
- Ussuriana Tutt, [1907]
- Wagimo Sibatani & Ito, 1942
- Yamamotozephyrus Saigusa, 1993
- Yamatozephyrus Wang & Pang, 1998
- Stamme Amblypodiini
- Amblypodia Horsfield, [1829]
- Iraota Moore, [1881]
- Myrina Fabricius, 1807
- Stamme Oxylidini
- Oxylides Hübner, [1819]
- Syrmoptera Karsch , 1895
- Stamme Luciini
- Lucia Swainson, 1833
- Acrodipsas Sands, 1980
- Paralucia Waterhouse & Turner, 1905
- Pseudodipsas C. & R. Felder, 1860
- Hypochrysops C. & R. Felder, 1860
- Philiris Rober , 1891
- Parachrysops Bethune-Baker, 1904
- Titea
- Stammen Arhopalini
- Arhopala Boisduval, 1832
- Thaduka Moore, [1879]
- Apporasa Moore, 1884
- Mahathala Moore, 1878
- Flos Doherty, 1889
- Mota de Niceville, 1890
- Zinaspa de Niceville, 1890
- Semanga Distant, 1884
- Keraunogramma Rober , 1887
- Surendra Moore, [1879]
- Stammen Zesiini
- Jalmenus Hubner , 1818
- Pseudalmenus Druce, 1902
- Zesius Hübner, [1819]
- Stamme Hypotheclini
- Hypochlorosis Rober, [1892]
- Hypothecla Semper, 1890
- Stamme Loxurini
- Loxura Horsfield, [1829]
- Yasoda Doherty, 1889
- Eooxylides Doherty, 1889
- Thamala Moore, [1879]
- Neomyrina Distant, 1884
- Drina de Niceville, 1890
- Stammen Horagini
- Horaga Moore, [1881]
- Rathinda Moore, [1881]
- Stammen Cheritrini
- Ticherra de Niceville, 1887
- Drupadia Moore, 1884
- Cheritra Moore, [1881]
- Ritra de Niceville, 1890
- Cheritrella de Niceville, 1887
- Dapidodigma Karsch , 1895
- Cowania Eliot, 1973
- Stammen Iolaini
- Britomartis de Niceville, 1895
- Bullis de Niceville, 1897
- Charana de Niceville, 1890
- Creon de Niceville, 1896
- Dacalana Moore, 1884
- Etesiolaus Stempffer & Bennett, 1959
- Hemiolaus Aurivillius, [1922]
- Iolaus Hübner, [1819]
- Jacoona Distant, 1884
- Maneca de Niceville, 1890
- Manto de Niceville, 1895
- Mantoides Druce, 1896
- Neocheritra Distant, 1885
- Pratapa Moore, 1881
- Purlisa Distant, 1881
- Stugeta Druce, 1891
- Suasa de Niceville, 1890
- Sukidion Druce, 1891
- Tajuria Moore, [1881]
- Thrix Doherty, 1891
- Stamme Hypolycaenini
- Chliaria Moore, 1884
- Hypolycaena C. & R. Felder, 1862
- Leptomyrina Butler, 1898
- Zeltus de Niceville, 1890
- Stamme Deudorigini
- Araotes Doherty, 1889
- Artipe Boisduval, 1870
- Bindahara Moore, [1881]
- Capys Hewitson, [1865]
- Deudorix Hewitson, [1863]
- Hypomyrina Druce, 1891
- Qinorapala Chou & Wang, 1995
- Paradeudorix Libert, 2004
- Paruparo Takanami , 1982 - savnet fra Eliot, 1973
- Pilodeudorix Druce, 1891
- Rapala Moore, [1881]
- Sithon Hübner, [1819]
- Sinthusa Moore, 1884
- Pamela Hemming, 1935
- Stamme Remelanini
- Remelana Moore, 1884
- Pseudotajuria Eliot, 1973
- Ancema Eliot, 1973
- Stamme Eumaeini
- Eumaeus Hübner, [1819]
- Theorema Hewitson, [1865]
- Paiwarria Kaye, 1904
- Mithras Hübner, [1819]
- Brangas Hübner, [1819]
- Thaeides Johnson, Kruse & Kroenlein, 1997
- Enos Johnson, Kruse & Kroenlein, 1997
- Lamasina Robbins 2002
- Evenus Hübner, [1819]
- Atlides Hübner, [1819]
- Arcas Swainson, 1832
- Pseudolycaena Wallengren , 1858
- Theritas Hübner, 1818
- Johnsonita Salazar & Constantino, 1995
- Breviant Johnson, Kruse & Kroenlein, 1997
- Micandra Schatz, 1888
- Timaeta Johnson, Kruse & Kroenlein, 1997
- Rhamma Johnson, 1992
- Protothecla Robbins, 2004
- Salazaria D'Abrera & Bálint, 2001
- Temecla Robbins, 2004
- Ipidecla Dyar, 1916
- Penaincisalia Johnson, 1990
- Podanotum Torres, Hall, Willmott & Johnson, 1996
- Busbiina Robbins 2004
- Thereus Hübner, [1819]
- Rekoa Kaye, 1904
- Arawacus Kaye, 1904
- Contrafacia Johnson, 1989
- Kolana Robbins, 2004
- Satyrium Scudder, 1876
- Harkenclenus dos Passos, 1970
- Neolycaena de Niceville, 1890
- Phaeostrymon Clench, 1961
- Ocaria Clench, 1970
- Chlorostrymon Clench, 1961
- Magnastigma Nicolay, 1977
- Cyanophrys Clench, 1961
- Callophrys Billberg, 1820
- Mitoura Scudder, 1872
- Incisalia Scudder, 1872
- Ahlbergia Bryk , 1946
- Novosatsuma Johnson, 1992
- 1992 Cissatsuma Johnson
- Bistonina Robbins, 2004
- Megathecla Robbins, 2002
- Thestius Hübner, [1819]
- Lathecla Robbins, 2004
- Allosmaitia Clench, 1964
- Laothus Johnson, Kruse & Kroenlein, 1997
- Janthecla Robbins & Venables, 1991
- Lamprospilus Geyer, [1832]
- Arumecla Robbins & Duarte, 2004
- Camisecla Robbins & Duarte, 2004
- Ziegleria Johnson, 1993
- Electrostrymon Clench, 1961
- Calycopis Scudder, 1876
- Strymon Hubner , 1818
- Tmolus Hübner, [1819]
- Nicolaea Johnson, 1993
- Ministrymon Clench, 1961
- Exorbaetta Johnson, Austin, Le Crom & Salazar, 1997
- Gargina Robbins, 2004
- Siderus Kaye, 1904
- Theclopsis Godman & Salvin, [1887]
- Ostrinotes Johnson, Austin, Le Crom & Salazar, 1997
- Strephonota Johnson, Austin, Le Crom & Salazar, 1997
- Panthiades Hübner, [1819]
- Porthecla Robbins, 2004
- Thepytus Robbins, 2004
- Oenomaus Hübner, [1819]
- Parrhasius Hübner, [1819]
- Michaelus Nicolay, 1979
- Ignata Johnson, 1992
- Olynthus Hübner, [1819]
- Hypostrymon Clench, 1961
- Marachina Robbins, 2004
- Apuecla Robbins, 2004
- Nesiostrymon Clench, 1964
- Balintus D'Abrera, 2001
- Aubergina Johnson, 1991
- Terenthina Robbins, 2004
- Iaspis Kaye, 1904
- Celmia Johnson 1991
- Dicya Johnson 1991
- Trichonis Hewitson, [1865]
- Erora Scudder, 1872
- Semonina Robbins 2004
- Chalybs Hübner, [1819]
- Symbiopsis Nicolay, 1971
- Stamme Catapaecilmatini
- Catapaecilma Butler, 1879
- Acupicta Eliot, 1973
- Stammen Aphnaeini
- Pseudaletis Druce, 1888
- Lipaphnaeus Aurivillius, 1916
- Cigaritis Donzel, 1847
- Aphnaeus Hübner, [1819]
- Chloroselas Butler, [1885]
- Vansomerenia Heat , 1997
- Cesa Seven, 1997
- Crudaria Wallengren , 1875
- Chrysoritis Butler, [1898]
- Zeritis Boisduval, [1836]
- Axiocerses Hübner, [1819]
- Trimenia Tite & Dickson, 1973
- Argyraspodes Tite & Dickson, 1973
- Tylopaedia Tite & Dickson, 1973
- Phasis Hübner, [1819]
- Aloedes Hübner, [1819]
- Erikssonia Trimen, 1891
- Stamme?
- Thaumaina Bethune-Baker, 1908 - Eliot, 1973 tildelte denne slægt til stammen Polyommatini af underfamilien Polyommatinae
Noter
- ↑ 1 2 Gorbunov P.Yu., Olshvang V.N. Sommerfugle i det sydlige Ural Referencebog. - Jekaterinburg: Sokrates, 2008. - S. 311. - 416 s.
- ↑ Verdens sommerfugle. Encyklopædi af daglige sommerfugle. - Sankt Petersborg. : SKEO, 2009. - S. 75. - 208 s. — ISBN 978-59603-0103-9 .
- ↑ Boyle John H., Zofia A. Kaliszewska, Marianne Espeland, Tamara R. Suderman, Jake Fleming, Alan Heath og Naomi E. Pierce. Phylogeny of the Aphnaeinae: myrmekofile afrikanske sommerfugle med kødædende og planteædende livshistorier (engelsk) // Systematic entomology : Journal. - London : The Royal Entomological Society og John Wiley & Sons , 2015. - Vol. 40, nr. 1 . - S. 169-182. - doi : 10.1111/syen.12098 .
Litteratur
- Eliot JN 1973. Den højere klassifikation af Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera): et foreløbigt arrangement. Bulletin fra British Museum (Naturhistorie), entomologi. 28 : 371-505.
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