Hiskairumoko

Hiskairumoko , Jiskairumoko  er et præcolumbiansk arkæologisk sted - et udgravningssted beliggende 54 km sydøst for byen Puno i Peru . Det er beliggende i en højde af 4115 meter over havets overflade i Aymara -distriktet i Khachakachi- regionen i Titicaca -søen . Objektet var beboet fra den sene arkaiske til dannelsesperioden, det vil sige i 3000-1400 år. f.Kr e. Opdaget i 1994 af Mark Aldenderfer under en vandreundersøgelse af Ilawe-floden.

Navnet er en kombination af 3 ord på Aymara -sproget : 'hiska' betyder 'lille', 'iru' betyder en type busket græs, og 'moko' betyder 'lille bakke', dvs. Hiskairumoko betyder 'lille bakke dækket med busket' .

Af en række årsager spiller Hiskairumoko en vigtig rolle i forståelsen af ​​Perus og Andesbjergenes antikke historie : især er disse tidlige prestigeprodukter, arkitektoniske overgange, rituelle genstande i hjemmets lokaler, oprettelsen af ​​regulære handelsruter osv.

Se også

• Huari (kultur)
• Sechin (Peru)
• Chavin kultur
• Mochica
• Tiahuanaco
• Nazca (arkæologisk kultur)
• Chimor
• Inkariget

Litteratur

• Aldenderfer, MS (1998), Montane Foragers Asana and the South-Central Andean Archaic , Iowa City: University of Iowa Press 
• Aldenderfer, Mark & ​​de la Vega, Edmundo (1996), Informe Preliminar: Excavaciones Arqueológicas a Tres Sitios Arcaicos de la Cuenca del Río Ilave, Sub-region de Puno, Región "Jose Carlos Mariategui" , Puno: Rapport indsendt til Instituto Nacional de Culture, Lima, Peru 
• Aldenderfer, MS, Craig, N., Speakman, RJ & Popelka-Filcoff, RS (2008), 4000 år gamle guldartefakter fra Titicaca-søen, Peru., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America T. 105: 5002-5005 
• Binford, L. (1982), The Archaeology of Place, Journal of Anthropological Archaeology bind 1: 5-31 
• Brooks, AS, Gaelburd, DE & Yellen, J. (1984), Fødevareproduktion og kulturændringer blandt !Kung San: Implikationer for forhistorisk forskning, i red., Fra jægere til landbrugere: årsager og konsekvenser af fødevareproduktion i Afrika , Berkeley : University of California 
• Craig, Nathan (2005), Formation of Early Settled Villages and the Emergence of Leadership: A Test of Three Theoretical Models in the Rio Ilave, Lake Titicaca Basin, Southern Peru , Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California Santa Barbara , < http://archaeo.info/craig/modules/Downloads/docs/craig2005_dissertation_jiska.pdf > . Hentet 9. februar 2007. Arkiveret 23. juli 2011 på Wayback Machine 
• Craig, Nathan (2002), Optagelse af arkæologiske udgravninger i stor skala med GIS: Jiskairumoko--Nær Perus Titicaca-sø , ESRI ArcNews T. Spring , < http://www.esri.com/news/arcnews/spring02articles/recordinglarge.html > . Hentet 9. februar 2022. 
• Craig, Nathan (2000), Real Time GIS Construction and Digital Data Recording of the Jiskairumoko, Excavation Perú , Society for American Archaeology Buletin bind 18 (1) , < http://www.saa.org/publications/saabulletin/18 -1/saa18.html > . Hentet 9. februar 2007. 
• Craig, Nathan & Adenderfer, Mark (2003), Foreløbige stadier i udviklingen af ​​et digitalt dataregistreringssystem i realtid til arkæologisk udgravning ved hjælp af ArcView GIS 3.1 , Journal of GIS in Archaeology bind 1: 1-22 , < http:/ /www.esri.com/library/journals/archeology/volume_1/realtime_recording.pdf > . Hentet 9. februar 2007. 
• Craig, N., Aldenderfer, M. & Moyes, H. (2006), Multivariate Visualization and Analysis of Photomapped Artifact Scatters , Journal of Archaeological Science bind 33: 1617-1627 , < http://archaeo.info/craig/ modules/Downloads/docs/craig_et_al2006_photomapping.pdf > 
• Craig, N.; Speakman, J.; Popelka-Filcoff, R. & Glascock, M. (under tryk), Sammenligning af XRF og PXRF til analyse af arkæologisk obsidian fra det sydlige Peru , Journal of Archaeological Science , < http://archaeo.info/craig/modules/Downloads/ docs/craig_et_al_in_press_xrf.pdf > 
• Ember, CR (1975), Residential Variation Among Hunter-Gatherers, Behavior Science Research bind 3: 199-227 
• Ember, C. (1983), The Relative Decline in Women's Contribution to Agriculture with Intensification, American Anthropologist bind 85: 285-304 
• Ember, M. & Ember, CR (1971), The Conditions Favoring Matrilocal versus Patrilocal Residence, American Anthropologist bind 73: 571-594 
• Flannery, Kent (2002), The Origins of the Village Revisited: From Nuclear to Extended Households, American Antiquity bind 67 (3): 417-434 
• Flannery, Kent (1972), The Origins of the Village as the Settlement Type in Meso America and the Near East, Man, Settlement, and Urbanism , London: Duckworth 
• Garget, R. & Hayden, B. (1991), Site Structure, Kinship, and Sharing in Aboriginal Australia: Impplications for Archaeology, i Eds, The Interpretation of Archaeological Spatial Patterning , New York: Plenum 
• Gould, R. & Yellen, J. (1987), Man the Hunted: Determinants of Household Spacing in Desert and Tropical Foraging Societies, Journal of Anthropological Archaeology bind 6 
• Hawkes, K. (1983), Kin Selection and Culture, American Ethnologist bind 10: 345-363 
• Hawkes, K. (1991), Showing Off: Tests of an Hypothesis About Men's Foraging Goals, Ethology and Sociobiology bind 12: 29-54 
• Hawkes, K. (1992), On Sharing and Work, Current Anthropology bind 33: 404-407 
• Hawkes, K. (1993), Why Hunter-Gatherers Work: An Ancient Version of the Problem of Public Goods, Current Anthropology bind 34: 341-361 
• Kaplan, H., Hill, K., Hawkes, K. & Hurtado, A. (1984), Food Sharing among Ache Hunter-Gatherers of Eastern Paraguay, Current Anthropology bind 25: 113-115 
• Kelly, RL (1992), Mobilitet/Sedentisme: Begreber, arkæologiske foranstaltninger og virkninger, Annual Review of Anthropology bind 21: 43-66 
• Lechtman, H. (1984), Andean Value Systems and the Development of Prehistoric Metallurgy, Technology and Culture bind 25: 1-36 
• Maschner, HDG & Patton, JQ (1996), Kin Selection and the Origins of Hereditary Social Inequality: A Case Study from the Northern Northwest Coast, i Eds, Darwinian Archaeologies , New York: Plenum Press 
• Murdock, G. P. (1949), Social Structure , New York: The MacMillan Company 
• O'Connell, FF, Hawkes, K. & Blurton Jones, N. (1991), Distribution of Refuse-Producing Activities at Hadza Residential Base Camps: Impplications for Analyses of Archaeological Site Structure, i Eds, The Interpretation of Archaeological Spatial Patterning . New York: Plenum 
• Popelka-Filcoff, RS, Craig, N., Glascock, MD, Robertson, DJ, Aldenderfer, MS & Speakman, RJ (In Press), INAA of Ochre Artifacts fra Jiskairumoko, Perú , i Eds, Archaeological Chemistry: Analytical Techniques and Archaeological Interpretation , Washington DC: American Chemical Society , < http://archaeo.info/craig/modules/Downloads/docs/Popelka_Filcoff_et_al_jiska_ochre.pdf > 
• Shackley, S.; Eklund, E. & Ogasawara, C. (2004), Source Provenance of Obsidian Artefacts Jiskairumoko (189), Peru , Berkeley: University of California Berkeley Archaeological XRF Laboratory 
• Wiessner, P. (2002), Jagt, helbredelse og hxaro-udveksling Et langsigtet perspektiv på !Kung (Ju/'hoansi) storvildtjagt, Evolution and Human Behavior bind 23: 407-436